{"id":10998,"date":"2010-07-23T21:14:21","date_gmt":"2010-07-24T02:14:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/?p=10998"},"modified":"2010-07-23T21:14:21","modified_gmt":"2010-07-24T02:14:21","slug":"what-causes-people-to-be-successful-in-their-careers-part-iii-effective-speech-making","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/2010\/07\/what-causes-people-to-be-successful-in-their-careers-part-iii-effective-speech-making\/","title":{"rendered":"What Causes People to Be Successful in Their Careers?  Part III: Effective Speech Making"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Let us review where we have been. In <a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/2010\/07\/01\/what-causes-people-to-be-successful-in-their-careers-the-three-essentials-of-effective-communication\/\">Part I<\/a>, we asked the question: What causes people to be successful in their careers? I stated that I believe that understanding and developing \u201csoft side skills,\u201d and not just technical skills, will provide the best opportunities for a successful career. We reviewed evidence from leading universities that much more than half of job success comes from people skills. Many people who pursue a professional career think of their \u201cwork\u201d as their technical expertise, but as one moves up in an organization, it becomes clear that dealing with people is of at least equal significance.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Communication as a Premier People Skill<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>We also noted that much of what we call people skills is really effective communication. We demonstrated how communication thinking and communication skills drive success in the legal field as well as business.<a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_edn1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>We used the model developed by Robert Bolton in <em>People Skills: How to Assert Yourself, Listen to Others, and Resolve Conflicts<\/em> to show that certain attitudes support a person\u2019s successful efforts at effective communication, attitudes that produce good relationships before formal communication even starts. These attitudes are genuineness, respect, and empathy.<a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_edn2\">[2]<\/a> We will refer to this paradigm model.<\/p>\n<p>The following is a visualization of Bolton\u2019s model:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/07\/kordus-12.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-11013\" title=\"kordus 1\" src=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/07\/kordus-12-300x190.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/07\/kordus-12-300x190.png 300w, https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/07\/kordus-12.png 575w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>In efforts to apply these qualities, they appear as a blend, an overlapping; the way we participate in society, in our family, in our social network, and in our workplace, however, all depend on applying these characteristics.<\/p>\n<p>To make clear the meaning of these words, we cite some approximate equivalents:<\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"247\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Our Term<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"293\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Approximate Equivalents<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"247\" valign=\"top\">Genuineness<\/td>\n<td width=\"293\" valign=\"top\">Authenticity, Transparency, Openness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"247\" valign=\"top\">Respect<\/td>\n<td width=\"293\" valign=\"top\">Caring, Agape Love<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"247\" valign=\"top\">Empathy<\/td>\n<td width=\"293\" valign=\"top\">Understanding, Feeling With<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Moving on to <a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/2010\/07\/10\/what-causes-people-to-be-successful-in-their-careers-part-ii-effective-listening\/\">Part II<\/a>, we examined the art of listening as a starting point for our journey through the forest and trees of effective communication, with a regular circling back to those three essential attitudes of genuineness, respect, and empathy. Listening represents a learnable skill supporting the three attitudes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Listening According to the <em>Harvard Business Review<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>We pointed out that, as far back as 1957, business journals like the <em>Harvard Business Review <\/em>(HBR), the premier of all business journals, were presenting information about the importance of effective listening. Nichols and Stevens stated that \u201c[t]he effectiveness of the spoken word hinges not so much on how people talk but mostly how they listen.\u201d<a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_edn3\">[3]<\/a> Fifty years later, it doesn\u2019t seem that our listening has improved very much.<a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_edn4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Generally, people do not know how to listen.<\/li>\n<li>They have not been exposed to training concerning necessary listening skills.<\/li>\n<li>The average listener forgets one-third to one-half within eight hours and 75% after two months. (Why do so many listeners not take notes?)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why Can\u2019t People Listen Better?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Because of its importance, we quote fully our comments from Part II of our blog about the difficulty people have in listening:<\/p>\n<p>Actually, paying attention while listening is a greater problem than most people believe. A factor exists in the listening process that most people are not aware of.<\/p>\n<p>The real problem is this: We talk at a much slower rate than we listen. For most Americans, the average rate of speech is around 125 to 135 words per minute. While experts are not in full agreement, it\u2019s generally thought that people can listen at a speed far exceeding 125 words per minute. This average rate of listening is probably in the range of three to four times faster than the rate of speaking. Poor use of this time differential explains why people become so easily distracted when listening to another person.<a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_edn5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>What are some of the better techniques for how we use this spare thinking time? Our two business professors writing in the HBR in 1957 suggest there are at least four processes we can use during this slack time.<a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_edn6\">[6]<\/a><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The listener thinks ahead of the talker, trying to anticipate what the oral discourse is leading to and what conclusions will be drawn from the words spoken at the moment.<\/li>\n<li>The listener weighs the evidence used by the talker to support the points that he makes. \u201cIs this evidence valid?\u201d the listener asks himself. \u201cIs it the complete evidence?\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Periodically the listener reviews and mentally summarizes the points of the talk completed thus far.<\/li>\n<li>Throughout the talk, the listener \u201clistens between the lines\u201d in search of meaning that is not necessarily put into spoken words. He or she pays attention to nonverbal communication (facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice) to see if it adds meaning to the spoken words. He asks himself, \u201cIs the talker purposely skirting some area of the subject? Why is he doing so?\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Further Evidence for the Importance of Relationship Building Through Appropriate Attitudes and Effective Listening<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The writer thinks that my readers might be thinking that these ideas about attitudes and active listening may be just the musings of academics making more than is justified from available research. Let me show two additional sources of information that I believe will settle the question concerning the importance of attitudes and active listening.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s look once more at the issue of developing and expressing the right attitudes to create the basis for collaboration and communication. I have long admired the book titled <em>Primal Leadership<\/em> by Daniel Goleman, also Richard Boyatzis and Annie McKee. Earlier, Daniel Goleman wrote the book <em>Emotional Intelligence<\/em>, a many-month number 1 bestseller. Drawing on extensive science and behavioral research, Goleman showed the factors at work when people of high IQ flounder and those of modest IQ do surprisingly well. To get our arms around this idea of social intelligence, we can look to Goleman\u2019s description of men and women of high emotional intelligence:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>[M]en who are high in emotional intelligence are socially poised, outgoing and cheerful, not prone to fearfulness or worried rumination. They have a notable capacity for commitment to people or causes, for taking responsibility, and for having an ethical outlook; they are sympathetic and caring in their relationships. Their emotional life is rich, but appropriate; they are comfortable with themselves, others, and the social universe they live in.<\/p>\n<p>. . . Emotionally intelligent women tend to be assertive and express their feelings directly, and to feel positive about themselves; life holds meaning for them. Like the men, they are outgoing and gregarious, and express their feelings appropriately (rather than, say, in outbursts they later regret); they adapt well to stress. Their social poise lets them easily reach out to new people; they are comfortable enough with themselves to be playful, spontaneous, and open to sensual experience. Unlike the women purely high in IQ, they rarely feel anxious or guilty, or sink into rumination.<a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_edn7\">[7]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Of course, these portraits are extreme; all of us are a mixture of IQ and EQ, but do notice the similarities between Goleman\u2019s model and Bolton\u2019s model.<\/p>\n<p>In <em>Primal Leadership<\/em>, the authors explore the role of emotional intelligence in leadership. Under the heading of \u201cEmotional Intelligence Domains and Associated Competencies\u201d in <em>Primal Leadership<\/em>, we find, among others, these competencies leading to leadership<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">[8]:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Transparency:<\/em> Displaying honesty and integrity; trustworthiness<\/li>\n<li><em>Developing others:<\/em> Bolstering others\u2019 abilities through feedback and guidance<\/li>\n<li><em>Empathy:<\/em> Sensing others\u2019 emotions, understanding their perspective, and taking active interest in their concerns<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>So here we have one of the leading current experts regarding organization effectiveness putting forth as avenues for reaching the goal of leadership the same three attitudes that Bolton described as the key to unlocking the door of collaboration some fifteen years earlier (the Bolton model).<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s look at another support for the things we have been saying about communication: in this case, it\u2019s the importance of active listening. To reinforce the importance of active listening, we turn to Malcolm Gladwell, the author of the bestseller <em>The Tipping Point,<\/em> the book that caused readers to think differently about how movements jumped ahead at a particular strategic point in their history. For our purposes, we are drawn to his second bestseller, <em>Blink<\/em>, about how we think without thinking, sometimes successfully and sometimes not.<\/p>\n<p>A section titled, \u201cListening to Doctors\u201d provides an answer to this question: How important is active listening for professionals, in this case, doctors? Gladwell asks us to imagine that we are working for an insurance company that wants to find out which doctors are most likely to be sued. You can choose from two options for your research: the first involves examining the credentials of the doctors studied and determining how many errors they made; the second method involves listening to brief portions of conversations between each doctor and his or her patients.<\/p>\n<p>I am sure lawyers are interested in the answer, and that answer is surprising. The probability of being sued has very little to do with how many mistakes a doctor makes, or for that matter, what his or her credentials are. Certain highly trained and skilled doctors get sued a lot, and certain other doctors who actually make a lot of mistakes never get sued. Also, most people who are injured due to the negligence of a doctor never sue. What\u2019s going on here?<\/p>\n<p>A leading malpractice lawyer told this story:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>[I] had a client who had a breast tumor that wasn\u2019t spotted until it had metastasized, and she wanted to sue her internist for the delayed diagnosis. In fact, it was her radiologist who was potentially at fault. But the client was adamant. She wanted to sue the internist. \u201cIn our first meeting, she told me she hated this doctor because she never took the time to talk to her and never asked about her other symptoms,\u201d\u2026. \u201c\u2018She never looked at me as a whole person,\u2019 the patient told us&#8230;. When a patient has a bad medical result, the doctor has to take the time to explain what happened, and to answer the patient\u2019s questions \u2014 to treat him [or her] like a human being. The doctors who don\u2019t are the ones who get sued.\u201d It isn\u2019t necessary, then, to know much about how a surgeon operates in order to know his likelihood of being sued. What you need to understand is the relationship between that doctor and his patients<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">.[9]<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Further research showed the surgeons who had never been sued spent more than three minutes longer with a patient each visit than those who had been sued at least twice. Those who had not been sued generally made comments about what the doctor was going to do in the visits and generally tried to make sure that the patient understood the process and tried to make sure that the patient was as comfortable as possible.<\/p>\n<p>So here we have strong evidence that maintaining the right attitudes and maintaining a listening stance leads to more productive communication, something that has to be of great importance to the lawyer, the doctor, the business person, the nonprofit executive, the government supervisor, and anyone else who depends on language for moving forward toward their goals and objectives, which is just about everyone.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Challenge of Public Speaking<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For many, public speaking is a challenge\u2014in fact, worse than a challenge. I have seen people get so sick before a scheduled speech that they could not go to the stage. I have seen people forget their speech and retreat from the podium. I have heard of at least one person who stepped up to the podium and died of a heart attack.<\/p>\n<p>Undoubtedly, most people see public speaking as a problem rather than a solution, a threat rather than an opportunity, a bag of wet kittens rather than a cuddly puppy. Some have estimated that only 10% of managers and professionals see public speaking as a way to improve their careers.<\/p>\n<p>Yet public speaking does provide great opportunities\u2014a demonstration of social intelligence. Here are the reasons why:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Most people are willing to follow the articulate.<\/li>\n<li>Most people lack the ideas and lack the skills for effective speech-making \u2014 which is usually persuasion, that is, getting done what the speaker wants doing.<\/li>\n<li>As we have said several times in these blogs, most people believe that if they perform their job description well, they will prosper. The current competitive world for good positions, apparently as severe in the legal profession as in other occupations, has smashed this delusion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>My own work experience spanning the law, business, and non-profits tells me that, overwhelmingly, those who progress faster and move higher have one capability in common; they are better communicators than their less successful brethren.<\/p>\n<p>This problem is more severe for lawyers: <em>The world expects lawyers to be accomplished public speakers<\/em>. It\u2019s the burden law graduates carry.<\/p>\n<p>This blog is not going to miraculously convert the tyro into a tribune, but we can make some suggestions:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>There exists a variety of excellent texts, how-to books, and web sites on public speaking, or, as it is\u00a0often called today, \u201cpresenting;\u201d so, learn everything you can.<\/li>\n<li>Seek out opportunities to do public speaking: Aristotle said that the best way to do something is to do it.<\/li>\n<li>Find a willing and able coach.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>As regards 3, I can\u2019t coach any individual who might read this blog, but I can present some theories and action items that the reader might find useful, although I must warn the reader that these items may not be the most important, and certainly they are not complete.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Some Steps on the Road to Public Speaking Success<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Since before the time of Aristotle, humans have been seeking an answer to the question: How can I be a better speaker? And a flood of books on how to be an exceptional speaker flow out of publishing houses each year. Why? Because so few people who read these books become exceptional speakers.<\/p>\n<p>What the readers of these books don\u2019t understand is that 1) answering their fears requires a great deal of self-appraisal and ego-deflating introspection, 2) getting it right is a long road with a lot of mediocre attempts on the way, and 3) many of the texts and self-help books miss some of the most important particulars. With trepidation, following I set forth some heuristics about public speaking that hopefully will fill in the gaps.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Don\u2019t Do Dumb Things<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Great speakers connect with their listeners. They show the attitudes described by the Bolton model: Genuineness and openness, respect and caring, and empathy and \u201cfeeling with.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>If you fail to show these kinds of qualities by word, gesture, facial expression, tone of voice, and attitude, you are in trouble. Don\u2019t forget that the average adult has an individual attention span of about 15 to 30 seconds.<\/p>\n<p>So, here are some certain ways to get your audience to tune out:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Talk a lot about yourself<\/li>\n<li>Forget eye contact<\/li>\n<li>Frown<\/li>\n<li>Read your entire speech<\/li>\n<li>Use ironic, bitter humor<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Know Your Audience<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Don\u2019t take a speech assignment if you don\u2019t have time to do audience research. You might find yourself talking about Absolute Vodka\u2019s clever advertising campaign to a group with a significant number of religious abstainers. (I actually witnessed this debacle. I know most lawyers would not get into this kind of subject matter, but you get the point.) Here are questions to ask<a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_edn10\">[10]<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Who will be in attendance? How many? Get a list of names, titles, roles and responsibilities.<\/li>\n<li>If it\u2019s a decision-making meeting, will the decision-maker be in the room? Will the decision maker be there for the entire presentation or part of the presentation? What might cause [him or] her to miss it or leave before it is over?<\/li>\n<li>What [are the audience\u2019s] expectations? What needs to be done to meet\u2026expectations?<\/li>\n<li>What is the meeting theme?<\/li>\n<li>What agenda items come before and after your remarks?<\/li>\n<li>What is the expected attire? Is it formal, business, business casual or casual. [sic] When asking about attire, be sure to find out as much as you can. Business casual can mean different things to different groups. Casual to some is wool slacks, jackets and ties.<\/li>\n<li>Do the attendees get along? Do they laugh easily?<\/li>\n<li>What do the attendees have in common?<\/li>\n<li>How is the information you are going to cover relevant to the attendees?<\/li>\n<li>How might the information help the attendees?<\/li>\n<li>What are the starting and ending times for the meeting?<\/li>\n<li>What is the seating arrangement and can it be changed?<\/li>\n<li>Is it a neutral, friendly or hostile audience?<\/li>\n<li>What do they know about your topic?<\/li>\n<li>What do they know about you, the presenter?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(This list comes from Timothy J. Koegel, <em>The Exceptional Presenter<\/em>. In the bibliography at the end of these blogs, the reader will find helpful texts; Koegel, however, provides a large amount of useful information in a quick-read format.)<\/p>\n<p>About accumulating information about people, organizations, and subjects: marketing brochures, web sites, internet search engines, periodicals, industry and local business journals.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Set Your Desired Tone<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Tone is a difficult concept. What is it precisely? Is it attitudes, such as the Bolton model? Is it the emotional tenor of the speaker? Is it the general direction or drift of thought? Is it an extension for the speech\u2019s subject?<\/p>\n<p>One expert has suggested that tone presents itself through two dimensions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>positive\/negative<\/li>\n<li>formal\/informal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>We can control the tone through the words we use:<\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"120\" valign=\"top\">Negative<\/td>\n<td width=\"295\" valign=\"top\">The office will close at 7 p.m.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"120\" valign=\"top\">Positive<\/td>\n<td width=\"295\" valign=\"top\">The office will remain open until 7 p.m.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"120\" valign=\"top\">Formal<\/td>\n<td width=\"295\" valign=\"top\">No pronouns\/no contractions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"120\" valign=\"top\">Informal<\/td>\n<td width=\"295\" valign=\"top\">Pronouns\/contractions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Tell Stories<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Telling a story that is appropriate to a speech\u2019s theme can be powerful. Stories work particularly in the introduction and conclusion of a speech; they work well because everyone enjoys stories, especially if they follow some rules of thumb:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Story is relevant to the main point of the speech<\/li>\n<li>Story is told with conviction<\/li>\n<li>Story is short (long stories can be deadly)<\/li>\n<li>Story incorporates some humor<\/li>\n<li>Story is personal (not necessary, but helpful)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As an example, picture a legislator who believes that the new federal medical system is wrong for the country telling this story:<\/p>\n<p>Before our Constitution in the 1780s, the United States was floundering in debt. One day during this period, Franklin entertained Dr. Benjamin Rush and Thomas Jefferson. The conversation turned to determining what was the oldest profession.<\/p>\n<p>Dr. Rush, a physician, said the oldest profession was his. \u201cAfter all, it was a surgical operation that made Eve out of Adam\u2019s rib.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But Jefferson, who built Monticello, said, \u201cNo, it was the architect. Surely it was an architect who brought the world out of chaos.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Then Franklin replied \u201cYou re both wrong. It\u2019s the politician. After all, who do you think created the chaos?\u201d<a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_edn12\">[12]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>I believe we would say the story was relevant, certainly told with conviction, short, and incorporates humor.<\/p>\n<p>Here is one more example:<\/p>\n<p>Suppose you are speaking on the topic of leadership: \u201cWillie Shoemaker, one of horse racing\u2019s greatest jockeys, once said, \u2018I always tried to keep the lightest possible grip on the horse\u2019s reins. The horse never knows I\u2019m there until he needs me.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Observe the Rule of Three<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The <strong>rule of three<\/strong> provides one added feature to a speech, expressing ideas more completely, emphasizing structural points, and increasing the memorability. What is the rule of three? What are some famous examples? How do you use it in speeches?<\/p>\n<p>Trios, triplets, and triads abound in Western culture in many disciplines. Just a small sampling of memorable cultural triads includes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Christianity\n<ul>\n<li>Father, Son, and Holy Spirit<\/li>\n<li>Heaven, hell, and purgatory<\/li>\n<li>Three Wise Men with their gold, frankincense, and myrrh<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Movies &amp; Books\n<ul>\n<li><em>The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Sex, Lies, and Videotape<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Superman\u2019s \u201c<em>Truth, Justice, and the American Way<\/em>\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Nursery rhymes such as the <em>Three Little Pigs<\/em> or <em>Goldilocks and the Three Bears<\/em><\/li>\n<li>In a more general sense, there is the allure of trilogies as with <em>Indiana Jones<\/em>, <em>The Godfather<\/em>, <em>The Matrix<\/em>, <em>Star Wars<\/em>, and many others.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Politics\n<ul>\n<li>U.S. Branches of Government: Executive, Judicial, and Legislative<\/li>\n<li>U.S. Declaration of Independence: \u201cLife, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness\u201d<\/li>\n<li>French motto: <em>Libert\u00e9, Egalit\u00e9, Fraternit\u00e9<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Abundance of tri-colored flags<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Civic, Organizational, and Societal Mottos\n<ul>\n<li>Fire safety motto: <em>Stop, Drop, and Roll<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Olympic motto: <em>Citius, Altius, Fortius<\/em> or <em>Faster, Higher, Stronger<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Real estate: <em>Location, Location, Location<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>History\n<ul>\n<li>Julius Caesar:\u201cVeni, vidi, vici\u201d (I came, I saw, I conquered)<\/li>\n<li>Shakespeare\u2019s Julius Caesar: \u201c<em>Friends, Romans, Countrymen. Lend me your ears.<\/em>\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Abraham Lincoln\u2019s Gettysburg Address:<br \/>\n\u201c<em>We can not dedicate \u2014 we can not consecrate \u2014 we can not hallow \u2014 this ground.<\/em>\u201d<br \/>\n\u201c<em>Government of the people, by the people, for the people<\/em>\u201d<\/li>\n<li>General MacArthur, West Point Address, 1962: \u201c<em>Duty, Honor, Country<\/em>\u201d [repeated several times in the speech]<\/li>\n<li>Barack Obama, Inaugural Speech: \u201c<em>[W]e must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.<\/em>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Why does the rule of three work? Experts are not sure. A triad does give one a sense of completeness, closure\u2014besides that, it\u2019s magic.<\/p>\n<p>[The examples for is section were taken from http:\/\/sixminutes.dlugan.com, an exceptional site for speech-making ideas and examples.]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">30 Speechmaking Tips<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Start with a structure.<\/li>\n<li>Incorporate material to support one theme only or one objective.<\/li>\n<li>Think of this structure as a design for all speeches:<br \/>\n1. Tell them what you\u2019re going to tell them (opening).<br \/>\n2. Tell them (body).<br \/>\n3. Tell them what you just told them (close).<\/li>\n<li>Keep speech short. (After 18 minutes, people mentally drift away.)<\/li>\n<li>Keep sentences short.<\/li>\n<li>Use active voice.<\/li>\n<li>Use powerful verbs. (not \u201celiminate,\u201d but \u201ccrush\u201d)<\/li>\n<li>Constantly reengage through the use of many kinds of materials: facts, stories, quotes, statistics, poems, history, examples, anecdotes.<\/li>\n<li>Deliver with passion.<\/li>\n<li>Repeat theme or objective throughout speech.<\/li>\n<li>Use positive language:<br \/>\nNo: \u201cShe is not efficient.\u201d<br \/>\nYes: \u201cShe is inefficient.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Provide internal summaries and definite transitions.<\/li>\n<li>Use eye contact.<\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t read speech.<\/li>\n<li>Always prepare for question and answer; even if not planned for, they often occur.<\/li>\n<li>Use pauses\u2014they can be used as transitions and the audience can get a brain rest.<\/li>\n<li>Avoid PowerPoint if at all possible; the speaker disappears with PowerPoint.<\/li>\n<li>Use good posture and appropriate body language. Deliver speech to a friend or friendly group before actual speech; get feedback.<\/li>\n<li>Assure that all visuals have a purpose.<\/li>\n<li>Genuinely smile and let face express your feelings.<\/li>\n<li>Read about body language. (See, for example, Koegel, Chapter Five.)<\/li>\n<li>Avoid verbal graffitti: \u201cUm,\u201d \u201cyou know,\u201d \u201cto be honest with you.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Avoid long words, unusual words, and jargon.<\/li>\n<li>Personalize your remarks as much as possible.<\/li>\n<li>Share your eye contact with entire room.<\/li>\n<li>Move toward the audience as often and as far as possible.<\/li>\n<li>Use humor as often as possible. (Prefer situational humor over jokes.)<\/li>\n<li>Look up as much as possible, not down.<\/li>\n<li>Respect the \u201cRule of Three.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Keep throat loose.<\/li>\n<li>Use voice variety to match meaning: pitch, rate, volume.<\/li>\n<li>Vary tonality, the voice\u2019s personality: smooth\/harsh, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Practice, practice, practice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>What Causes People to Be Successful in Their Career? Take Aristotle with You to Every Meeting<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>By meeting, I mean every interaction with others, whether one on one, small group, formal decision-making, presentation, or large-group public speech. Our examples for this blog come primarily from oral communication, but the suggestions often apply also to written communication. The concept for communication determining clear success goes back a long way, some 2,300 years, all the way back to Aristotle (384-322 BCE). He stands with the greatest philosophers of all time. Judged by intellectual and Western cultural influence, only Plato, his teacher, can be thought of as a peer, and yet he taught the sons of affluent Athenians how to hold their own verbally in the assembly, the courts, and on the public podium.<\/p>\n<p>Aristotle researched, taught, and wrote about every subject known to the Western world at that time: One of his best known works and still widely used today is his <em>On Rhetoric<\/em>. This work influenced great speakers of the ancient world such as Cicero and Quintillian and also influenced great speakers right down to our era, including Winston Churchill. Since at least five separate editions exist in English, the continuing influence of <em>On Rhetoric<\/em> is apparent.<\/p>\n<p>The modern reader of Aristotle\u2019s <em>On Rhetoric<\/em>, the first comprehensive text on the art of persuasion, oral and written, will find this work a challenge: many allusions to contemporary affairs, a dry and sometimes complex style, and unfamiliar language all create difficulty. Granted this difficulty, most of the subjects one would expect are covered: voice, gestures, style (with special emphasis on clarity), metaphor, story, speech structure, appeals to reason, feelings, and speaker credibility, speech venues: the court room, the assembly, and the forum, all of these and more are covered.<\/p>\n<p>For our purposes, we will cover here only Ethos, Pathos, and Logos: the three pillars of persuasion. What do these words mean? As we have stated earlier:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ethos: credibility and character of the speaker<\/li>\n<li>Pathos: the emotions of the audience created by the speaker<\/li>\n<li>Logos: logical argument, but in the sense of practical reasoning, and not formal philosophical logic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Aristotle has been called the philosopher of common sense and the great empiricist. He observed much speaking and debate in Athens\u2014it was a robust oral society with some elements of what we would call democracy\u2014only some elements: slavery was common and women experienced a much diminished role versus men. With that said, the citizens of Athens bargained, discussed, debated, and carried on public speaking tasks expected of citizens.<\/p>\n<p>How does this work relate to our current endeavor? Consider this model:<\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Aristotle<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"295\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Current Blog<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ethos: Credibility and character<\/li>\n<li>Pathos: Emotion created by the speaker<\/li>\n<li>Logos: Logical argument<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"295\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Effective people skills through attitudes of genuineness, respect for others, and empathy, supported by much behavioral science research<\/li>\n<li>Numerous studies showing that active listening builds positive feelings toward the listener<\/li>\n<li>The various intellectual constructs required for an effective speech: purpose, theme, organization, structure, proofs, examples, quotations, statistics, anecdotes, stories, language, style, and the like<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\" valign=\"top\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td width=\"295\" valign=\"top\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\" valign=\"top\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td width=\"295\" valign=\"top\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Thus we have tied together the various threads from the three blogs. From the beginning of these July blogs, the underlying theme has been: What causes people to be successful in their careers? The simple answer is \u201csoft side skills\u201d or \u201cpeople skills.\u201d The more complex answer is for a person to be perceived as successful in his or her life vocation, in order to be seen as a high performer, and yes, to be seen as a leader\u2014high communication skills are required. We noted that Garth Saloner, dean of the Stanford Graduate School of Business, observed:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>[T]he ability to work effectively with and through people is one of the most important determinants of success in any organization. Self-awareness, knowledge of the impact of one\u2019s style on others, and skill at interpersonal interactions are at least as important a part of the leader\u2019s skill set as is training in the more traditional business disciplines.<a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_edn13\">[13]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>This observation applies whether one exists within a law firm, a business, a government agency, or a non-profit. Leadership in Aristotle\u2019s time required a command of communication tools, and so it does today:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>To awaken vitality in others\u2026leaders have to cross a certain boundary between themselves and their associates. Sometimes it\u2019s not easy, because most of us have been raised to believe that it\u2019s important to maintain a buffer of \u201csafety and good sense\u201d between ourselves and the people who choose to follow our leadership. Perhaps the greatest risk we take as leaders is losing the interpersonal safety zone. If we don\u2019t open up to others and express our affection and appreciation, then we stay safe behind the wall of rationality \u2026[I]t\u2019s not an either-or. We have minds <em>and<\/em> hearts. Both are meant to be used at work. When we use them both, we\u2019re more effective. To use our minds and not our hearts is to deny ourselves greater success.<a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_edn14\">[14]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Thus, take Aristotle to your next meeting.<\/p>\n<p>Note: The next and last blog will cover language: word choice, style, and language sophistication.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a9 Claude L. Kordus, 2010. All rights reserved.<\/p>\n<hr size=\"1\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_ednref1\">[1]<\/a> <em>Law Practice<\/em>, May\/June 2010:1, 61.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_ednref2\">[2]<\/a> Robert Bolton, Ph.D., <em>People Skills: How to Assert Yourself, Listen to Others, and Resolve Conflicts<\/em> (New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 1986) 259.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_ednref3\">[3]<\/a> Ralph G. Nichols and Leonard A. Stevens, \u201cListening to People,\u201d <em>Harvard Business Review on Effective Communication<\/em> (Boston: HBS Press, 1999) 1.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_ednref4\">[4]<\/a> Nichols and Stevens, 3, 4.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_ednref5\">[5]<\/a> Nichols and Stevens, 6, 7.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_ednref6\">[6]<\/a> Nichols and Stevens, 9.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_ednref7\">[7]<\/a> Daniel Goleman, <em>Emotional Intelligence<\/em> (Bantam,) 45.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">[8]<\/span><\/span> Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis, and Annie McKee, <em>Primal Leadership: Learning to Lead with Emotional Intelligence<\/em> (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2004) 39.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">[9]<\/span><\/span> Malcolm Gladwell, <em>Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking<\/em> (New York: Back Bay Books, 2007) 41.<em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_ednref10\">[10]<\/a> Timothy J. Koegel, <em>The Exceptional Presenter: A Proven Formula to Open Up! and Own the Room<\/em> (Austin, Texas: Greenleaf Book Group Press, c. 2007) 127.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_ednref11\">[11]<\/a> Brandon Royal, <em>The Little Red Writing Book<\/em> (New York: Metro Books, 2009) 84.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_ednref12\">[12]<\/a> James C. Humes, <em>Speak Like Churchill, Stand Like Lincoln: 21 Powerful Secrets of History\u2019s Greatest Speakers<\/em> (New York: Three Rivers Press, c. 2002) 74.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_ednref13\">[13]<\/a> Garth Saloner, <em>Stanford Business<\/em>, Summer 2010: 5.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/paste\/pasteword.htm?ver=327-1235#_ednref14\">[14]<\/a> James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, <em>Encouraging the Heart: A Leader\u2019s Guide to Rewarding and Recognizing Others<\/em>, first edition (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, c. 1999) 12.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Let us review where we have been. In Part I, we asked the question: What causes people to be successful in their careers? I stated that I believe that understanding and developing \u201csoft side skills,\u201d and not just technical skills, will provide the best opportunities for a successful career. We reviewed evidence from leading universities [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"","ocean_second_sidebar":"","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"","ocean_custom_header_template":"","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"on","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[36],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10998","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-legal-practice","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10998","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/88"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10998"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10998\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10998"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10998"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10998"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}