{"id":25889,"date":"2016-10-01T16:09:22","date_gmt":"2016-10-01T21:09:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/?p=25889"},"modified":"2016-10-01T16:09:22","modified_gmt":"2016-10-01T21:09:22","slug":"how-many-years-does-it-take-to-bake-a-constitution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/2016\/10\/how-many-years-does-it-take-to-bake-a-constitution\/","title":{"rendered":"How Many Years Does It Take to Bake a Constitution?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"articles_of_confederation_13c_1977_issue\"<\/a>As the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November approaches — that is, National Election Day —\u00a0the talking-head debate intensifies over candidates, politics and what is right\/wrong with the American system of governance.\u00a0\u00a0There is one missing piece to the debate — context — that is seldom discussed, or understood. Indeed, if the average voter dislikes the candidates and the election process (something I hear a lot), then it\u2019s time to take a step back and look at the big picture question of how we got here. In what I hope will be a\u00a0six part series, I will attempt to provide\u00a0context to our system of government, our election process and, hopefully, a little history to evaluate and consider in your next candidate-debate.<\/p>\n

Part One – How Many Years Does it Take to Bake A Constitution?<\/em><\/p>\n

If you polled the average American citizen, asking if they heard of the Declaration of Independence, most would answer yes. The citizen might even know the year and date — July 4, 1776.<\/p>\n

But ask the same citizen when the Constitution of the United States was adopted (which technically means when it was \u201cratified\u201d by the States), and you\u2019ll likely get a blank stare, an \u201cI don\u2019t know\u201d, or a guess — likely July 4, 1776.<\/p>\n

The correct answer to that question is: June 21, 1788.<\/p>\n

So what was happening during\u00a0that 12-year span? The one big thing was a war. The Revolutionary War to be exact. The Revolutionary War began to turn in the American\u2019s favor in 1777-1778. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris ended the conflict with Great Britain, recognizing American independence.<\/p>\n

Once the war was over, then came the big question: now what?<\/p>\n

The \u201cnow what\u201d question of the late eighteenth century was answered, initially, by the Articles of Confederation. A committee was appointed in 1776 to begin drafting; the Articles were debated for a year until, by late 1777, an approved version was sent to the states for ratification. All thirteen states were required to ratify the Articles — this took another 3 plus years.<\/p>\n

Of course, time did not stop while waiting for ratification and, in practice, the Articles were in use prior to ratification. The Articles helped direct the Revolutionary War, legitimize the beyond-border diplomacy effort, and deal with Native American relations. This \u201cde facto\u201d system of government served as an outline for\u00a0big-ticket items of the time.<\/p>\n

Unfortunately, this governmental outline proved ineffective . . . over time. Under the Articles, the states retained sovereignty over governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national government.\u00a0 In other words, the Articles of Confederation were a state-first, national-second plan. Consequently, there was no mechanism to compel the states to comply with requests for either troops or funding. The Confederation Congress had no power to enforce attendance by state-officials. The national government, to the extent ordained by the \u201cconfederated\u201d states, was poor both figuratively and economically. It needed an army. It needed to build trust with other nation-states. It needed money.<\/p>\n

So it was that, before this whole system of government\u00a0grew too much worse (and it was on its way), America\u2019s founding fathers decided to meet and discuss.<\/p>\n

They did so multiple times, before converging upon Philadelphia, in May of 1787, for a Constitutional Convention. What happened there is the subject of my next post.\u00a0\u00a0This meeting in Philadelphia, decades in the making, attended by\u00a0some of the most outspoken and brightest minds in the land, presented a contract in styles and ideals that formed the very fabric for the political climate we have today. To be sure, today\u2019s political climate is not that of 1787, but the compromised solution of that time deserves attention when considering the debate of today.<\/p>\n

The Constitutional Convention — yet another piece of history to consider in how we got here — and the subject of my next post, \u201cWhat does it take to be \u2018united\u2019 as states?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November approaches — that is, National Election Day —\u00a0the talking-head debate intensifies over candidates, politics and what is right\/wrong with the American system of governance.\u00a0\u00a0There is one missing piece to the debate — context — that is seldom discussed, or understood. Indeed, if the average voter […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":209,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"","ocean_second_sidebar":"","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"","ocean_custom_header_template":"","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"on","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[125,126,53,64,44,122],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25889","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-congress-congressional-power","category-constitutional-law","category-federalism","category-legal-history","category-political-processes-rhetoric","category-public","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25889","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/209"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25889"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25889\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25889"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25889"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25889"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}