{"id":30048,"date":"2022-06-08T12:46:12","date_gmt":"2022-06-08T17:46:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/?p=30048"},"modified":"2022-06-09T09:13:50","modified_gmt":"2022-06-09T14:13:50","slug":"state-gun-laws-and-public-opinion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/2022\/06\/state-gun-laws-and-public-opinion\/","title":{"rendered":"State Gun Laws And Public Opinion"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-30049\" src=\"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/lawpolllogo-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/lawpolllogo-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/lawpolllogo-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/lawpolllogo-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/lawpolllogo.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>Summary<\/h3>\n<p>Let\u2019s begin with some general context: Nationwide, 66% of those with an opinion favor a Supreme Court ruling that the Second Amendment includes a right to possess a gun outside the home. When it is presented as a matter of state policy choice (law), 62% favor allowing concealed carry of handguns with a permit or license required. So public opinion substantially favors allowing \u201clicensed concealed carry\u201d of handguns.<\/p>\n<p>In contrast, there is substantial majority <em>opposition<\/em> to laws allowing concealed carry <em>without<\/em> a licensing requirement. Concealed carry without a license requirement is supported nationwide by 19% and opposed by 81%.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, even in the 25 states with \u201cpermitless concealed carry\u201d laws, a minority of 28% of adults favor such laws, while 72% are opposed to them, based on a May 2022 Marquette Law School Poll national survey conducted last month (before the school shooting in Uvalde, Texas). And state surveys, by other polling entities, in Texas and Tennessee (states with permitless concealed carry laws) found 34% and 39% favored these laws, respectively, with 59% opposed in both states.<\/p>\n<h3>State gun laws<\/h3>\n<p>In the following analysis, state gun laws are grouped into four categories.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Twenty-five states have adopted laws allowing \u201cpermitless\u201d concealed carry, requiring no license or permit to have a concealed weapon. (This includes states that have adopted such a law that will go into effect by Jan.\u00a01, 2023.)<\/li>\n<li>Ten states have \u201cshall issue\u201d laws, which give no discretion over issuing a license or permit to an applicant meeting the criteria specified by law.<\/li>\n<li>Seven states have \u201cshall issue\u201d laws, which allow some discretion over issuing a license or permit if the applicant is judged to raise some public safety concerns.<\/li>\n<li>Eight states and the District of Columbia have \u201cmay issue\u201d laws, which give authorities greater latitude in determining when to issue a license or permit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Classifications of states were based on these websites, which were checked for consistency:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concealed_carry_in_the_United_States\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concealed_carry_in_the_United_States<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/giffords.org\/lawcenter\/gun-laws\/policy-areas\/guns-in-public\/concealed-carry\/\">https:\/\/giffords.org\/lawcenter\/gun-laws\/policy-areas\/guns-in-public\/concealed-carry\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/concealedguns.procon.org\/state-by-state-concealed-carry-permit-laws\/\">https:\/\/concealedguns.procon.org\/state-by-state-concealed-carry-permit-laws\/<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Public opinion on gun laws<\/h3>\n<p>The Marquette Law School Poll surveyed 1,004 adults nationwide May 9-19, 2022. The margin of error is +\/-3.9 percentage points. The survey focused on the U.S. Supreme Court and included three items on opinion about the Second Amendment and concealed carry laws. The survey began before the mass shooting that killed 10 people in Buffalo, N.Y., and was completed before the mass shooting that killed 21 in a Uvalde, Texas, elementary school.<\/p>\n<p>Full results of the Marquette Law School poll are available at <a href=\"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/poll\/2022\/05\/26\/detailed-results-of-the-marquette-law-school-supreme-court-poll-may-9-19-2022-2\/\">https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/poll\/2022\/05\/26\/detailed-results-of-the-marquette-law-school-supreme-court-poll-may-9-19-2022-2\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4>Second Amendment<\/h4>\n<p>The Supreme Court is set to decide, this summer, <em>New York State Rifle &amp; Pistol Association Inc.\u00a0v. Bruen<\/em>, which addresses whether the Second Amendment protects the right to possess a gun outside the home.<\/p>\n<p>The Marquette Law School Poll\u2019s national survey asked this:<\/p>\n<p>Do you favor or oppose the following possible future Supreme Court decisions, or haven\u2019t you heard enough about this to have an opinion?: Rule that the 2nd Amendment right to \u201ckeep and bear arms\u201d protects the right to carry a gun outside the home.<\/p>\n<p>Among those with an opinion, 66% favor such a ruling and 34% are opposed.<\/p>\n<p>Opinion on this extension of Second Amendment interpretation to include guns outside the home is more supportive in states with less restrictive gun laws, with large majorities favoring expanded rights to possess a gun, and less supportive in the most restrictive states, where opinion is evenly divided. These results are shown in Table 1.<\/p>\n<p>Table 1: Favor or oppose Court ruling that the 2nd Amendment right to \u2018keep and bear arms\u2019 protects the right to carry a gun outside the home, by state gun laws, among those with an opinion, May 2022 (all table numbers are percentages)<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 346px;\" width=\"524\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td>State gun laws<\/td>\n<td>Favor<\/td>\n<td>Oppose<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Permitless<\/td>\n<td>77<\/td>\n<td>23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Shall issue<\/td>\n<td>70<\/td>\n<td>30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Shall issue w limits<\/td>\n<td>64<\/td>\n<td>36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>May issue<\/td>\n<td>48<\/td>\n<td>52<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>Concealed carry with a license<\/h4>\n<p>The Marquette Law School Poll also asked about state laws concerning concealed carry. Respondents were asked about \u201clicensed concealed carry\u201d laws:<\/p>\n<p>Do you favor or oppose laws that allow most people to obtain a license to carry concealed handguns?<\/p>\n<p>These laws were favored by 62% and opposed by 38% nationwide.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s break it down by the sorts of gun laws a state has: More than 60% majorities favor such laws in most states, with a narrower majority favoring them in the states with the most restrictive laws concerning concealed carry, as shown in Table 2.<\/p>\n<p class=\"TableCaption\"><em>Table 2: Do you favor or oppose laws that allow most people to obtain a license to carry concealed handguns, by state gun laws, May 2022<\/em><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td>State gun laws<\/td>\n<td>Favor<\/td>\n<td>Oppose<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Permitless<\/td>\n<td>65<\/td>\n<td>35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Shall issue<\/td>\n<td>66<\/td>\n<td>34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Shall issue w limits<\/td>\n<td>64<\/td>\n<td>36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>May issue<\/td>\n<td>53<\/td>\n<td>47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>Concealed carry without a license (\u201cpermitless\u201d)<\/h4>\n<p>Half of the states now allow concealed carry without requiring a license or a permit. Respondents were asked<\/p>\n<p>Do you favor or oppose laws that allow most people to carry concealed handguns without needing to obtain a license?<\/p>\n<p>Opinion on this law is much more opposed than for <em>licensed<\/em> concealed carry, discussed above. Nineteen percent favor unlicensed, or \u201cpermitless,\u201d carry laws, while 81% are opposed to such laws.<\/p>\n<p>Table 3 shows opinion on these laws by state gun laws. It is striking that even in the states that allow permitless concealed carry, 72% of adults are opposed to such a law. Opposition to these laws increases in states with more-restrictive gun laws.<\/p>\n<p><em>Table 3: Do you favor or oppose laws that allow most people to carry concealed handguns without needing to obtain a license, by state gun laws, May 2022<\/em><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td>State gun laws<\/td>\n<td>Favor<\/td>\n<td>Oppose<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Permitless<\/td>\n<td>28<\/td>\n<td>72<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Shall issue<\/td>\n<td>19<\/td>\n<td>81<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Shall issue w limits<\/td>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td>84<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>May issue<\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h5>Comparison with other national and state polls<\/h5>\n<h6>National Polls<\/h6>\n<p>In the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/politics\/2021\/04\/20\/amid-a-series-of-mass-shootings-in-the-u-s-gun-policy-remains-deeply-divisive\/\">Pew American Trends Panel wave 87<\/a>, April 5-11, 2021, respondents were asked<\/p>\n<p>Please indicate whether you would favor or oppose the following proposals about gun policy: Allowing people to carry concealed guns without a permit<\/p>\n<p>In the Pew survey, such unlicensed or permitless concealed carry was favored by 20% and opposed by 79%, with 1% refusing to answer.<\/p>\n<p>The May 2022 Marquette Law School Poll national survey question asks<\/p>\n<p>Do you favor or oppose laws that allow most people to carry concealed handguns without needing to obtain a license?<\/p>\n<p>In the Marquette Law School Poll, permitless carry was favored by 19% and opposed by 81%.<\/p>\n<p>Pew does not publish the state code as part of the public dataset, so it is not possible to merge the Pew data with state laws.<\/p>\n<h6>State Polls<\/h6>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">The following is not a comprehensive collection of state polls on unlicensed concealed carry but is illustrative of public opinion in one \u201cshall issue\u201d state (Wisconsin) and two states (Texas and Tennessee) with permitless concealed carry laws.<\/p>\n<h6><strong>Wisconsin<\/strong><\/h6>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Wisconsin is a \u201cshall issue\u201d state, requiring a license for concealed carry. The Marquette Law School Poll\u2019s surveys of Wisconsin registered voters have asked about both licensed and unlicensed concealed carry. The results for licensed concealed carry are shown in Table 4 and for unlicensed carry in Table 5.<\/p>\n<p class=\"TableCaption\"><em>Table 4: Do you favor or oppose Wisconsin\u2019s current law allowing residents to obtain a license to carry concealed handguns?, Wisconsin registered voters<\/em><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td>Poll dates<\/td>\n<td>Favor<\/td>\n<td>Oppose<\/td>\n<td>Don\u2019t know<\/td>\n<td>Refused<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1\/21-24\/16<\/td>\n<td>63<\/td>\n<td>31<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1\/8-12\/20<\/td>\n<td>70<\/td>\n<td>25<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10\/26-31\/21<\/td>\n<td>62<\/td>\n<td>29<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4\/19-24\/22<\/td>\n<td>69<\/td>\n<td>26<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"TableCaption\"><em>Table 5: Do you favor or oppose a proposed law that would allow residents to carry concealed handguns without needing to obtain a license?, Wisconsin registered voters<\/em><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td>Poll dates<\/td>\n<td>Favor<\/td>\n<td>Oppose<\/td>\n<td>Don\u2019t know<\/td>\n<td>Refused<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>10\/26-31\/21<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>76<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4\/19-24\/22<\/td>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td>82<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h6><strong>Texas<\/strong><\/h6>\n<p>Texas allows concealed carry without requiring a license.<\/p>\n<p>A University of Texas\/Texas Tribune poll conducted in April 2021 asked<\/p>\n<p>Should adults be allowed to carry handguns in public without licenses or permits?<\/p>\n<p>This was supported by 34% and opposed by 59%, with 6% saying they don\u2019t know.<\/p>\n<p>Link: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.texastribune.org\/2021\/05\/03\/texas-voters-legislature-poll\/\">https:\/\/www.texastribune.org\/2021\/05\/03\/texas-voters-legislature-poll\/<\/a><\/p>\n<h6><strong>Tennessee<\/strong><\/h6>\n<p>Tennessee allows concealed carry without requiring a license.<\/p>\n<p>A Vanderbilt University Tennessee poll in May 2021 asked<\/p>\n<p>Do you approve or disapprove of a law that would make it legal for people age 21 and older to carry a handgun without a permit in Tennessee?<\/p>\n<p>Thirty-nine percent approved of this law, while 59% disapproved, with 1 percent saying don\u2019t know.<\/p>\n<p>Link: Q22 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vanderbilt.edu\/csdi\/Spring_2021_topline_final.pdf\">https:\/\/www.vanderbilt.edu\/csdi\/Spring_2021_topline_final.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Summary Let\u2019s begin with some general context: Nationwide, 66% of those with an opinion favor a Supreme Court ruling that the Second Amendment includes a right to possess a gun outside the home. When it is presented as a matter of state policy choice (law), 62% favor allowing concealed carry of handguns with a permit [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":168,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"","ocean_second_sidebar":"","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"","ocean_custom_header_template":"","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"on","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[162,122],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30048","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-marquette-law-school-poll","category-public","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30048","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/168"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30048"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30048\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30326,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30048\/revisions\/30326"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30048"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30048"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30048"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}