{"id":4010,"date":"2009-03-01T16:59:45","date_gmt":"2009-03-01T21:59:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/?p=4010"},"modified":"2009-03-01T16:59:45","modified_gmt":"2009-03-01T21:59:45","slug":"seventh-circuit-week-in-review-more-on-the-elusive-meaning-of-crack","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/2009\/03\/seventh-circuit-week-in-review-more-on-the-elusive-meaning-of-crack\/","title":{"rendered":"Seventh Circuit Week in Review: More on the Elusive Meaning of “Crack”"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>With just two new opinions, there was not much criminal action in the Seventh Circuit last week.\u00a0 One of the two, United States v. Dunson <\/a><\/em>(No. 08-1691), was a very brief per curiam <\/em>holding that the Indiana crime of fleeing a police officer in a vehicle is a “crime of violence” for purposes of applying \u00a7 2K2.1(a)(2) of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines.<\/p>\n

The second, and much meatier, opinion was\u00a0United States v. Bryant <\/a><\/em>(No. 07-3608), in which the court (per Judge Ripple) affirmed the defendant’s conviction for\u00a0drug trafficking, but nonetheless remanded for resentencing.\u00a0 A central issue in the case was whether the defendant was dealing crack cocaine, as opposed to some other form of cocaine that would result in a lesser sentence under the Federal Sentencing Guidelnes.\u00a0 Coincidentally, the court dealt with the same issue the previous week in United States v. Stephenson, <\/em>which I blogged about here<\/a>.\u00a0 In both cases, the court underscored that “crack” is not defined by some particular chemical composition, but by the understanding of drug users and sellers — in a sense, “crack” is what the market calls “crack.”\u00a0<\/p>\n

Bryant <\/em>is interesting for the way that it shines a light on the fallibility of crime labs.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

The defendant dealt a substance that was separately tested by two Drug Enforcement Agency chemists.\u00a0 One found the substance to be a powder containing no residue of baking soda, while the second found the substance to be rock-like with <\/em>baking soda residue (both characteristics being associated with crack).\u00a0 After discovering that he had “mishandled evidence on several occasions,” the government chose not to use the report of the second chemist.\u00a0 Nonetheless, based largely on the testimony of the person who acquired the substance from Bryant, the sentencing judge found by a preponderance of the evidence that the substance was “crack.”\u00a0 In affirming, the Seventh Circuit emphasized that no particular physical or chemical attribute (e.g., the presence of baking soda residue) is dispositive\u00a0on the\u00a0crack question.\u00a0 In effect, a witness’s testimony that he purchased something called “crack” from Bryant outweighed the contrary indications contained in the first chemist’s report.<\/p>\n

Although not disturbing this aspect of the sentencing judge’s Guidelines calculation, the Seventh Circuit nonetheless remanded under\u00a0Kimbrough v. United States, <\/em>128 S. Ct. 558 (2007),\u00a0so that the sentencing judge could consider\u00a0(and potentially mitigate)\u00a0the disparity in the Guidelines’ treatment of crack and other forms of cocaine.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

With just two new opinions, there was not much criminal action in the Seventh Circuit last week.\u00a0 One of the two, United States v. Dunson (No. 08-1691), was a very brief per curiam holding that the Indiana crime of fleeing a police officer in a vehicle is a “crime of violence” for purposes of applying […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"","ocean_second_sidebar":"","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"","ocean_custom_header_template":"","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"on","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,28,74,23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4010","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-criminal-justice","category-criminal-law-process","category-federal-sentencing","category-seventh-circuit","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4010","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4010"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4010\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4010"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4010"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4010"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}