{"id":4154,"date":"2009-03-11T18:00:00","date_gmt":"2009-03-11T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/?p=4154"},"modified":"2009-07-13T11:50:38","modified_gmt":"2009-07-13T16:50:38","slug":"the-obama-hope-poster-case-ap-strikes-back","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.marquette.edu\/facultyblog\/2009\/03\/the-obama-hope-poster-case-ap-strikes-back\/","title":{"rendered":"The Obama “Hope” Poster Case — AP Strikes Back"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\" \"\"(This is the fifth in a series of posts on Fairey v. Associated Press<\/em>. See below for other posts in the series.)<\/p>\n

Today, the AP filed its response<\/a> to the Fairey complaint<\/a>\u2014and as I predicted<\/a>, the AP is asserting counterclaims for copyright infringement. Like Fairey’s complaint, the AP’s counterclaims go well beyond merely stating a cause of action, and attempt to win the battle for positive publicity as well. (Note to my Civ Pro students: Take a look at these pleadings if you want to see skillful examples of what I was talking about when I mentioned complaints that go beyond a “short and plain statement.”) Both sides in this case have their eye not just on the law, but on the ordinary, nonlegal intuitions of the press, the judge, the jury, scholars, and bloggers such as myself. (Indeed, I got a copy of AP’s press release<\/a> by email. To Fairey’s attorneys: Feel free to reciprocate!)<\/p>\n

I have a few quick observations.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1. We have the AP’s answers to the questions I raised in earlier<\/a> posts<\/a>: who owns the copyright in the photo, and has it been registered? AP asserts that it owns the copyright, and as Peter Hirtle<\/a> suggested in a comment earlier<\/a>, it’s registered in Registration No. VA 1-356-885. (Answer \u00b6 96.) I still have questions about that registration, which is not attached to the counterclaims, but I imagine we’ll find out more about it when Fairey’s attorneys get their hands on it.<\/p>\n

2. AP is playing hardball. A prominent theme in the counterclaims is that Fairey is a copyright hypocrite, asserting a broad right to appropriate others’ art, but a narrow right for others to appropriate his own. The counterclaims go into some detail, for example, on the dispute between Fairey and Baxter Orr<\/a>. Indeed, the AP counterclaims feature the too-good-to-be-true moment of the AP criticizing Fairey for asserting overreaching copyright claims in that dispute.\u00a0 Apparently, Fairey’s attorneys asserted common-law copyright over their cease and desist letters to Orr, and demanded that he stop distributing them over the Internet. (Answer \u00b6 121.)<\/p>\n

My take: While fascinating and humorous, I don’t think this history is technically relevant, just as I don’t think the method by which Fairey created the poster<\/a> is technically relevant; but again it may as a practical matter sway sympathies against Fairey. Also, Fairey’s deposition in this case should be really interesting. I’m reminded of Joseph Welch’s cross-examination of Joe McCarthy<\/a> at the Army-McCarthy hearings on the substance of his oath to tell “the whole truth” when McCarthy refused to answer some questions. (I’m NOT comparing Fairey to McCarthy in ANY other way!)<\/p>\n

A second prominent theme in the counterclaims is that Fairey has a pattern and practice of appropriating others’ art and using it as the basis for his own, a legal criticism that mirrors the artistic criticism made by Mark Vallen<\/a>. On this second theme, I’m not sure what to think. If successful, it may demonstrate a pattern and practice of infringement on Fairey’s part. But it introduces the debate over “appropriation art” into the proceedings, which the Second Circuit has already indicated may be a legitimate art form. See Blanch v. Koons<\/em>, 467 F.3d 244 (2d Cir. 2006). Fairey may very well have a better fair use argument for some of those other works than he does for the poster here. Bringing up Fairey’s entire corpus could muddy the waters to his benefit.<\/p>\n

3. There are big issues afoot here. Fairey’s complaint implicitly challenges the very idea of copyright in news photographs. AP has a long section of the counterclaims devoted to what’s creative about news photography in general, and shorter section about this photo in particular. One tidbit that I had missed: I had suspected that the out-of-focus background in the photo was intentional, and apparently in an interview with NPR, Mannie Garcia confirmed that that was a deliberate choice. (Answer \u00b6 97.)<\/p>\n

On the other side, AP is casting a broad net over all appropriation art in its counterclaims, rather than specifically attacking the purpose of this<\/em> poster. As I mentioned, I’m not sure I would make the same choice as the copyright owner here. I think there might be hay to be made on whether the poster really is “appropriation art,” in the sense of art that by appropriating makes some comment on the original, or at least related to the original. But I recognize that that argument is not completely straightforward, either, insofar as it would require a determination on what the intended purpose of the poster is.<\/p>\n

4. The counterclaims unsurprisingly note Fairey’s merchandising arm. I suspect Fairey’s claim that he is selling the posters for “only” $45 each is not going to go far, and his attorneys are going to have to fall back on the argument that commercial purpose is not determinative of fair use. AP makes its own attempt at claiming the mantle of warm and fuzzy feelings by alleging that, if a settlement had gone through, it would have donated the fees for “past use” to “The AP Emergency Relief Fund,” a charity that assists AP staffers and their families who are victims of disasters. (Answer \u00b6\u00b6 80, 146.)<\/p>\n

5. AP comes right out and alleges, on information and belief, that Fairey “deliberately misrepresent[ed]” the source of the poster. (Answer \u00b6 142.) My thoughts on this issue are here<\/a>. I expect this will be a significant point of contention. Note to Fairey: it’s not too late to amend the complaint!<\/p>\n

6. My “paint-by-numbers” analogy<\/a> makes an appearance in the counterclaims. (Answer \u00b6 130.) Either AP’s outside counsel read this blog, or it’s a case of independent creation, so to speak.<\/p>\n

7. There’s a claim for removal of Copyright Management Information under Section 1202<\/a> of the DMCA. Now, suddenly, it seems like the process by which Fairey created the poster, at least digital versions of the poster image, might actually matter. If it was created by hand, then that wouldn’t have involved “removal” or “alteration” of the CMI embedded in the original JPEG file. But if it was copied and edited, then it may have. AP would still need to prove that the removal was intentional, though, and here’s a question I don’t know the answer to: what happens to all that metadata if you copy a photo, edit it in Photoshop, and then use the “Save As…” command?<\/p>\n

8. I’m not sure I buy this series of claims: AP is negotiating with Fairey over a settlement of their dispute. “In the meantime,” they check out the website of his lawyers\u2014the Stanford Fair Use Project\u2014and note the statement that the Project likes to “defend ‘fair use’ rights . . . through declaratory judgement actions.” (Answer \u00b6 150.) They grow concerned. So when Fairey’s lawyers “engage[ ] in further delay,” AP’s in-house counsel “reluctantly notif[ies] [Fairey]’s counsel that if the matter was not amicably resolved, it would bring legal action against Plaintiffs in the Southern District of New York on Tuesday afternoon . . . .” (Answer \u00b6 151.) And thereby cinched Fairey’s standing to sue under the Declaratory Judgment Act. I think I’m missing something in the chain of the reasoning there.<\/p>\n

Other posts in this series:<\/strong><\/p>\n