Seventh Circuit Criminal Case of the Week: Small Progress on Crack Sentencing

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It has been widely recognized for years that federal sentences for the crack version of cocaine are unjustifiably harsh relative to sentences for the powder version.  As far back as 1995, the United States Sentencing Commission — a body not generally known for its lenience — called for equalization between crack and powder sentences.  However, progress in softening the so-called 100:1 crack-powder disparity has proceeded at a glacial pace.  In 2007, the Commission finally succeeded in reducing (but not eliminating) the disparity as it exists in § 2D1.1 of the sentencing guidelines, but statutory disparities will require congressional action to correct.  Fortunately, a bipartisan House bill cleared subcommittee last week, and the prospects for legislative reform appear unusually strong this term.

 As reformers have argued their case in the Commission and Congress, the 100:1 disparity has collided with the Supreme Court’s reinvigorated Sixth Amendment jurispudence.  In light of constitutional concerns, the Court transformed the sentencing guidelines from mandatory to advisory in 2005.  Then, in 2007, the Court affirmed what should have been obvious (but had been rejected by the Seventh Circuit and other intermediate courts of appeals): the crack-powder disparity contained in § 2D1.1 is no more binding on sentencing judges than any other aspect of the guidelines. 

But the Seventh Circuit remains resistant to the new world of advisory guidelines.  The 100:1 ratio still lives on in § 4B1.1, the career offender guideline.  And, in United States v. Harris, 536 F.3d 798 (7th Cir. 2008), the Seventh Circuit held that district court judges still may not act to correct or soften the crack-powder disparity when sentencing career offenders.  The court reasoned that the disparity in § 4B1.1 was congressionally mandated, while the disparity in § 2D1.1 was not. 

Last week, though, the Seventh Circuit limited the reach of Harris in United States v. Knox (Nos. 06-4101, 06-4376 & 07-1813) (Tinder, J.). 

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Sarcasm and Public Employment Don’t Mix, Part Deux

GavelBack in my previous blogging life, I wrote about a case by the 11th Circuit, Mitchell v. Hillsborough County, No. 05-12207 (11th Cir., Oct. 31, 2006), which involved a county employee who made satirical remarks about one of the country commissioners, and got fired for it.  In “Swift Would Be Ashamed” from 2006, I wrote about the facts of that case:

Plaintiff Gary Mitchell had a job filming the meetings of his local Board of Commissioners and he also volunteered at the local public access television station. Due to a brouhaha over indecent programming, the Board of Commissioners had proposed to cut public access funding. Commissioner Rhonda Storms was leading the morality crusade, so Mitchell decided to have some fun at her expense. During the open comment period of a supervisors’ meeting, Mitchell took to the podium wearing a beret with a thunderbolt on top and announced that he was a member of a fictitious political support group called the Thunderheads. He then gave a speech praising Storms and concluded with a question: given her preoccupation with women’s body parts, did she prefer the nickname “Vagi” or “Gina”?

I perhaps can understand the efficiency argument in this case (though it is certainly not a slam dunk), but I don’t agree at all that this is not speech on a matter of public concern.  As Robert [Loblaw] points out, that would be like saying Jonathan Swift’s Modest Proposal was really about cannibalism.

The 11th Circuit found that Mitchell’s speech was not a matter of public concern, and even if it was, the efficiency concerns of the employer in ensuring co-worker harmony outweighed any First Amendment rights Mitchell would have had.

Well, the humor of the federal courts has not improved in three years.  Not even in my hometown. 

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Seventh Circuit Criminal Case of the Week: “A Total Breakdown of Justice”

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In January 2003, Milwaukee police officers found two guns in the home of the estranged wife of Rashid Salahuddin.  Salahuddin himself was arrested shortly afterwards.  Now, more than six years later, after many rounds of legal proceedings in state and federal court, Salahuddin still awaits final resolution of criminal charges stemming from the discovery of the guns.   

In October 2008, Judge J.P. Stadtmueller of the Eastern District of Wisconsin summoned the United States Attorney and the Federal Defender to his office for an off-the record conversation about the case, which he characterized as “a total breakdown of justice.”  Following this conversation, the government asked Stadtmueller to recuse himself from the case.  When Stadtmueller refused, the government initiated proceedings in the Seventh Circuit to compel the district judge’s removal. 

The Seventh Circuit has now agreed with the government that Stadtmueller’s statements at the October 2008 meeting required his recusal.  In re United States of America (No. 09-2264) (Ripple, J.). 

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