The Copyright Act: Standing and “Right to Sue” Assignments

The symbol representing a copyrighted work, which is the letter "C" within a closed circle.Every now and then, plaintiffs attempt to leap into the shoes of a copyright holder by obtaining permission from the copyright owner to sue an alleged third party infringer.  But these type of bare “right to sue” assignments in many instances fall short of what is required under federal law.

Enforcement Action Rights under the Copyright Act

According to the federal Copyright Act, only “[t]he legal or beneficial owner of an exclusive right under a copyright is entitled, subject to the requirements of section 411, to institute an action for any infringement of that particular right committed while he or she is the owner of it.”  17 U.S.C. § 501(b) (emphasis added).

The Copyright Act lists the following exclusive rights of the owner of a copyright:

(1) to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords;
(2) to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work;
(3) to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending;
(4) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works, to perform the copyrighted work publicly;
(5) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, including the individual images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to display the copyrighted work publicly; and
(6) in the case of sound recordings, to perform the copyrighted work publicly by means of a digital audio transmission.

17 U.S.C. § 106. But “a person holding a non-exclusive license is not entitled to complain about any alleged infringement of the copyright.”  HyperQuest, Inc. v. N’Site Sols., Inc., 632 F.3d 377, 382 (7th Cir. 2011).  In order words, to have the requisite standing to sue, a plaintiff must exclusively own one of the enumerated rights listed above.  Consequently, enforcement actions are limited to the specific rights exclusively owned.   For example, a plaintiff who owns the exclusive rights to perform a literary work can only sue to enforce that specific rights. Such a plaintiff, cannot go after alleged infringers making unauthorized copies of the literary work.

Bare “Right to Sue” Assignments

Most federal courts have concluded that Congress did not intend for the “right to sue” to be a separate right because it was not included as a divisible right under the Act.  The Copyright Act does not contemplate any transfer other than an ownership interest along with the enumerated six exclusive rights.

In Righthaven v. Democratic Underground, the imprudence of allowing assignments of such bare rights were made clear. 791 F. Supp. 2d 968 (D. Nev. 2011) In 2011, Righthaven LLC sued Democratic Underground for a five-sentence excerpt of a Las Vegas Review Journal news story that a user posted on the forum, with a link back to the Journal’s website. At the same time this lawsuit was going on, Righthaven had developed quite the litigious reputation. They brought over 200 similar suits.

But Righthaven never created, produced, or distributed any content.  Instead, all they did was scour the internet looking for Review-Journal stories posted on blogs and online forums. They brought these suits under a “right to sue” assignment. Righthaven never actually owned an exclusive right to any of the copyrighted materials.  They were copyright trolls.

The court stated “Righthaven and Stephens Media have attempted to create a cottage industry of filing copyright claims, making large claims for damages and then settling claims for pennies on the dollar, with defendants who do not want to incur the costs of defending the lawsuits.” Righthaven, LLC v. Democratic Underground, LLC, No. 2:10-cd-1356-RLH-GWF (D. Nev. Apr. 14, 2011), ECF No. 94.  Judges who are confronted with these bare “right to sue” cases usually award significant attorney fees to the prevailing defendants, even at the motion to dismiss phase.

Parties intending to convey enforceable exclusive rights to a copyright must shore up their agreements to make the intent clear. And merely sprinkling the “exclusive license” lingo within a licensing or assignment agreement doesn’t suffice. See HyperQuest, Inc. v. N’Site Sols., Inc. 632 F.3d 377 (7th Cir. 2011).  Thus, an exclusive right must be exclusive. An assignment is not exclusive if some form of right to limited use and distribution to other third parties is reserved.

In the copyright world, the “substance and effect” of any written assignment must reflect a true, even if temporary, transfer of complete ownership of a copyright interest.  Overly aggressive plaintiffs who ignore this simple but important axiom of copyright law, do so at their own peril.

This Post Has 5 Comments

  1. Rita Hutchens

    I have an overly aggressive defendant who has lots of money, is an internet pirate, has no exclusive or beneficial rights and want to be a defendant real bad!

    Rita Hutchens

  2. JOSEPH IRIAH

    I represent the exclusive owner of the legal rights in a literary work that has been infringed. My client who is resident abroad intends to give me a Power of Attorney to institute legal proceedings against the infringer. Does my client have the right to do this ?

  3. Anthony Johnson

    I had a registered copyright to the software I created for 15 years, but a federal judge found (and the Ninth Circuit affirmed) that my company (no longer under my control) owned my copyrights even though there was no written agreement transferring ownership. See Johnson v. Storix (2017). Storix recorded the judgment with the Copyright Office, but not the actual ownership transfer because it has no written assignment. A federal court has no authority to invalidate a copyright registration or order a copyright transfer except involving common law (and I’m not bankrupt, divorced or dead.)

    How can Storix enforce any rights under the Copyright Act if the copyright is still registered to me? Does the Ninth Circuit ruling establish Storix as the copyright owner in other circuits, or would they defer to the 2018 Supreme Court decision in Fourth Estate v. Wallstreet.com requiring a valid registration before instituting an infringement action?

  4. Diana Gomez

    Serious issues, what really is copyright? And why would anybody want to copy other people’s way of thinking. I’ve never had to copyright nobody’s work. A person fails to be a leader but yet a follower. I’m not a business person and then again I lead my own actions. Thank you

  5. Diana Gomez

    Communication key word: The world fails to understand this. Take control of been yourself, trust yourself to do right with whoever you encounter. Thank you

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