Also:

• Both parties have strong enthusiasm for voting
• There are big gaps in support by gender, where people live, religion, race, education, and when and how they plan to vote
• Baldwin leads Hovde in U.S. Senate race, 51% to 49%

MILWAUKEE – A new Marquette Law School Poll survey of Wisconsin finds Democratic Vice President Kamala Harris supported by 50% of likely voters and Republican former President Donald Trump supported by 49%, in a head-to-head matchup. These results include initially undecided voters who were then asked whom they would vote for if they had to choose. In the previous poll in late September, Harris received 52% and Trump 48% among likely voters.

Keeping initially undecided voters as a separate category, Harris holds 48% of likely voters, Trump gets 47%, and 5% are undecided.

In a multicandidate race, Harris also leads, with 46% to Trump’s 44%, while Robert F. Kennedy Jr. receives 5%, the Party for Socialism and Liberation’s Claudia De la Cruz 0%, Libertarian Party’s Chase Oliver 2%, Green Party candidate Jill Stein 1%, Constitution Party candidate Randall Terry 0%, and independent Cornel West 1%, among likely voters. Kennedy suspended his campaign on Aug. 23 but remains on the Wisconsin ballot.

In a combined sample of all four Wisconsin surveys since Harris entered the race in July, she wins a majority of Stein, West, and De la Cruz supporters when they are asked to choose between Harris and Trump. A majority of Kennedy, Oliver, and Terry supporters back Trump when asked to choose.

In the U.S. Senate race, Sen. Tammy Baldwin is supported by 51% to Eric Hovde’s 49% among likely voters. These results include initially undecided voters who were then asked whom they would vote for if they had to choose. When initially undecided voters are kept as a separate category, Baldwin is the choice of 48% and Hovde the choice of 45%, with 7% still undecided.

When the Senate ballot includes independent candidates, Baldwin receives 49% and Hovde 47% among likely voters. Phil Anderson, the “Disrupt the Corruption” Party candidate, receives 2% and Thomas Leager, of the “America First” Party, receives 1%.

The survey was conducted Oct. 16-24, 2024, interviewing 834 Wisconsin registered voters, with a margin of error of +/-4.4 percentage points, and 753 likely voters, with a margin of error of +/-4.4 percentage points, the same as for registered voters. (All results in the tables are stated as percentages.)

Early voting

There is a large difference in vote choice between those planning to vote on Election Day or to vote early in-person—groups that favor Trump—and those voting absentee by mail—who strongly favor Harris. This is shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Vote choice, by early voting

Among likely voters

When voting	Vote choice
	Kamala Harris	Donald Trump
In person on Election Day	44	56
In person early voting	47	52
Absentee by mail	70	30
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin survey, Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: If the 2024 election for president were held today between [Vice President Kamala Harris, the Democrat,] and [former President Donald Trump, the Republican,] would you vote for [Kamala Harris] or for [Donald Trump] or haven’t you decided?
Question: If you had to choose, would you vote for [Harris] or for [Trump]?

When asked who they think is likely to win in November, 45% say Harris will definitely or probably win, 37% say Trump will definitely or probably win, and 17% say they don’t know, among registered voters. Since late September, there has been an increase in the percentage saying they don’t know who will win, with a decline in the percentage saying Harris or Trump. The trend since July is shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Who is likely to win the November election

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Who is likely to win?
	Harris	Trump	Don’t know
10/16-24/24	45	37	17
9/18-26/24	50	39	11
8/28-9/5/24	48	41	11
7/24-8/1/24	38	51	11

Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024

Question: Regardless of how you plan to vote, who do you think will win the presidential election: [Kamala Harris, the Democrat] or [Donald Trump, the Republican]?

Group voting

Table 3 shows relative support among several demographic groups. This table includes all registered voters interviewed in the four polls from July to October in order to provide substantial sample sizes for each group. In this pooled sample, Harris is supported by 51% and Trump by 49% among both registered and likely voters.

There are large differences in vote margins within each demographic category, including gender, age, race, urban-rural, education, and religion, with extremely Republican subgroups and extremely Democratic ones.

• Men prefer Trump by 12 percentage points, while women prefer Harris by 14 points. In Marquette Law School polls of Wisconsin registered voters, this 26-point gap is larger than the 21-point gap when Biden was the 2024 Democratic candidate but smaller than the 30-point gap in 2016 or the 32-point gap in 2020.

• Those under 30 are the most Democratic age group, giving Harris a 22-point margin over Trump, while those 45-59 years old prefer Trump by 10 points.

• Those in principal cities, such as Green Bay, Madison, and Milwaukee, favor Harris by 36 percentage points, while those in rural and small towns favor Trump by 23 points.

• The largest religious contrast is between born-again Protestants, who favor Trump by a margin of 60 percentage points, and those identifying as “no religion/atheistic/agnostic,” who favor Harris by a 51-percentage-point margin.

Table 3: Vote choice among demographic groups

Among registered voters, pooled July-October

Group	Vote choice
	Share of RVs (%)	Net Harris minus Trump	Kamala Harris	Donald Trump
Gender
Male	48	-12	44	56
Female	51	14	57	43
Age
18-29	17	22	61	39
30-44	22	0	50	50
45-59	24	-10	45	55
60+	36	2	51	49
Race & Ethnicity
White	90	-1	49	50
Black	3	64	82	18
Hispanic	4	6	53	47
Other	4	19	59	40
Urban-Rural
Principal city	29	36	68	32
Suburban core	32	-2	49	51
Exurbs and large towns	22	-17	41	58
Rural and small towns	17	-23	38	61
Education
Non-college	62	-7	46	53
College	38	18	59	41
Religion
Born-again Protestant	14	-60	20	80
Mainline Protestant	27	0	50	50
Roman Catholic	28	-13	43	56
No religion	26	51	75	24
Other religion	5	18	59	41
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, pooled July-October
Question: If the 2024 election for president were held today between [Vice President Kamala Harris, the Democrat,] and [former President Donald Trump, the Republican,] would you vote for [Kamala Harris] or for [Donald Trump] or haven’t you decided?
Question: If you had to choose, would you vote for [Harris] or for [Trump]?

More on the gender gap within demographic groups

The gender gap has been prominent in recent elections and is quite clear within each demographic group, as shown in Table 4. In the combined July-October polls, women constitute 51% of registered voters and men are 48%, with fewer than 1% identifying their gender as something else. The gender gap is especially pronounced among other demographic categories:

• A large gender gap exists among those under 30 and even more so among those 45-59 years old.

• It is especially large among non-white groups and in the suburbs, but it is minimal in rural areas and small towns.

• There is a substantial gender gap by education, for both non-college and college graduates.

• The gender gap is relatively small among born-again Protestants but is larger among Roman Catholics.

While the size of the gender gap varies within groups, women are more supportive of Harris than men in every demographic group presented, except that of rural areas and small towns.

Table 4: Vote choice among demographic groups, by gender

Among registered voters, pooled July-October

Group	Vote choice
	Gender	Net Harris minus Trump	Kamala Harris	Donald Trump
Age
18-29	Male	-1	49	50
18-29	Female	36	68	32
30-44	Male	-8	46	54
30-44	Female	10	55	45
45-59	Male	-36	32	68
45-59	Female	14	57	43
60+	Male	-4	48	52
60+	Female	7	53	46
Race
White	Male	-13	43	56
White	Female	10	55	45
Non-White	Male	1	50	49
Non-White	Female	48	74	26
Urban-Rural
Principal city	Male	21	60	39
Principal city	Female	46	73	27
Suburban core	Male	-21	39	60
Suburban core	Female	18	59	41
Exurbs and large towns	Male	-27	36	63
Exurbs and large towns	Female	-5	47	52
Rural and small towns	Male	-22	39	61
Rural and small towns	Female	-24	38	62
Education
Non-college	Male	-20	40	60
Non-college	Female	2	51	49
College	Male	0	50	50
College	Female	36	68	32
Religion
Born-again Protestant	Male	-64	18	82
Born-again Protestant	Female	-56	22	78
Mainline Protestant	Male	-11	44	55
Mainline Protestant	Female	10	55	45
Roman Catholic	Male	-31	34	65
Roman Catholic	Female	7	53	46
No religion	Male	35	67	32
No religion	Female	64	82	18
Other religion	Male	6	53	47
Other religion	Female	20	60	40
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, pooled July-October
Question: If the 2024 election for president were held today between [Vice President Kamala Harris, the Democrat,] and [former President Donald Trump, the Republican,] would you vote for [Kamala Harris] or for [Donald Trump] or haven’t you decided?
Question: If you had to choose, would you vote for [Harris] or for [Trump]?

Enthusiasm

Enthusiasm about voting in November increased sharply from June to July, as shown in Table 5, and has remained stable since September. In the current survey, 66% say they are very enthusiastic about voting, similar to 67% in late September. For comparison, in the previous presidential cycle in late October 2020, 68% were very enthusiastic.

Table 5: Enthusiasm to vote in the November election

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Enthusiasm
	Very	Somewhat	Not too	Not at all
10/16-24/24	66	18	12	4
9/18-26/24	67	18	12	3
8/28-9/5/24	63	20	12	6
7/24-8/1/24	61	21	15	4
6/12-20/24	46	21	19	14
4/3-10/24	47	22	18	12
1/24-31/24	49	25	17	9
10/26-11/2/23	46	28	19	6
10/21-25/20	68	21	5	6
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: (2024) How enthusiastic are you about voting in the elections in November 2024 for president and other offices? Would you say you are very, somewhat, not too, or not at all enthusiastic?
Question: (2020) How enthusiastic are you about voting in this November’s elections? Would you say you are very, somewhat, not too, or not at all enthusiastic?

Enthusiasm among Democrats is slightly higher than among Republicans, with 75% of Democrats in this poll saying they are very enthusiastic and 66% of Republicans saying the same of themselves. This represents an increase of enthusiasm among Democrats, from 71% in late September, with little change for Republicans, who were at 67% in the previous poll.

Enthusiasm among independents has fluctuated inconsistently in recent polls, with 36% very enthusiastic now, down from 50% in the late September poll to a level closer to the polls during the previous months. Independents have consistently shown much less enthusiasm than partisans. The full trends by party are shown in Table 6.

Table 6: Enthusiasm to vote in the November election, by party identification

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Enthusiasm
	Very	Somewhat	Not too	Not at all
Democrat
10/16-24/24	75	14	8	3
9/18-26/24	71	20	8	2
8/28-9/5/24	72	19	8	2
7/24-8/1/24	62	19	15	4
6/12-20/24	40	24	20	16
Independent
10/16-24/24	36	36	18	9
9/18-26/24	50	19	19	12
8/28-9/5/24	31	29	24	14
7/24-8/1/24	37	20	26	17
6/12-20/24	30	17	23	29
Republican
10/16-24/24	66	17	13	3
9/18-26/24	67	17	13	3
8/28-9/5/24	63	19	11	7
7/24-8/1/24	64	22	12	1
6/12-20/24	57	19	16	8
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: (2024) How enthusiastic are you about voting in the elections in November 2024 for president and other offices? Would you say you are very, somewhat, not too, or not at all enthusiastic?

Unlike earlier polling, there is little difference in vote choice by level of enthusiasm, as shown in Table 7, reflecting the previously mentioned evening out of enthusiasm differences by party.

Table 7: Vote for Harris or Trump, by enthusiasm

Among registered voters

Enthusiasm	Vote choice 2024
	Kamala Harris	Donald Trump
Very/somewhat	50	49
Not too/not at all	51	47
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin survey, Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: If the 2024 election for president were held today between Vice President Kamala Harris, the Democrat, and former President Donald Trump, the Republican, would you vote for Kamala Harris or for Donald Trump or haven’t you decided?
Question: If you had to choose, would you vote for Harris or for Trump?
Question: How enthusiastic are you about voting in the elections in November 2024 for president and other offices? Would you say you are very, somewhat, not too, or not at all enthusiastic?

President Biden and Trump presidential job approval

President Joe Biden’s job approval stands at 42%, with disapproval at 56%. There has been little change in his approval rating throughout the past year, including since he withdrew from the presidential race in July. His approval rating remains below that of Trump’s retrospective job approval.

Table 8 shows the recent trend in job approval.

Table 8: Biden job approval

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Job approval
	Total approve	Total disapprove	Strongly approve	Somewhat approve	Somewhat disapprove	Strongly disapprove
10/16-24/24	42	56	15	27	8	48
9/18-26/24	43	56	15	28	9	48
8/28-9/5/24	41	58	16	25	11	47
7/24-8/1/24	42	57	18	23	12	45
6/12-20/24	40	57	16	24	10	47
4/3-10/24	40	57	16	24	8	49
1/24-31/24	41	58	18	23	10	48
10/26-11/2/23	42	57	17	25	12	44
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Overall, do you approve or disapprove of the way Joe Biden is handling his job as president?

Respondents were also asked whether they approved of the job Trump did when he was president. In October, 47% approve and 52% disapprove, the same as in late September. That is also the same as Trump’s approval in the last Marquette Law School Poll survey before the 2020 election. His job approval is viewed the same now as then, neither better nor worse. The recent trend is shown in Table 9.

Table 9: Trump retrospective job approval

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Job approval
	Total approve	Total disapprove	Strongly approve	Somewhat approve	Somewhat disapprove	Strongly disapprove
10/16-24/24	47	52	33	14	8	44
9/18-26/24	47	52	35	12	8	45
8/28-9/5/24	46	54	31	16	8	46
7/24-8/1/24	48	51	32	16	8	43
6/12-20/24	47	52	30	16	8	44
4/3-10/24	47	52	26	21	9	43
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Overall, do you approve or disapprove of the way Donald Trump handled his job when he was president?

Favorability to presidential and vice-presidential candidates

Harris is seen favorably by 47% and unfavorably by 52% of registered voters. In the prior poll, Harris was seen favorably by 47% and unfavorably by 50%. The favorability trend for Harris since July is shown in Table 10. Her net favorable ratings improved from the first (July) survey, as shown in Table 10. Favorability to Harris was not asked earlier in the year, before she became a presidential candidate.

Table 10: Favorability to Harris

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Favorability
	Net fav	Favorable	Unfavorable	Haven’t heard enough
10/16-24/24	-5	47	52	2
9/18-26/24	-3	47	50	3
8/28-9/5/24	-4	47	51	2
7/24-8/1/24	-12	41	53	6
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Do you have a favorable or unfavorable opinion of INSERT NAME or haven’t you heard enough about them yet?

For Trump, 43% have a favorable opinion and 57% have an unfavorable opinion, a 1-point dip in favorable and 2-point increase in unfavorable opinion since late September. His net favorable ratings have improved from those of late 2023, as shown in Table 11.

Table 11: Favorability to Trump

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Favorability
	Net fav	Favorable	Unfavorable	Haven’t heard enough
10/16-24/24	-14	43	57	0
9/18-26/24	-11	44	55	1
8/28-9/5/24	-13	43	56	0
7/24-8/1/24	-10	44	54	2
6/12-20/24	-16	41	57	2
4/3-10/24	-13	43	56	1
1/24-31/24	-18	40	58	1
10/26-11/2/23	-24	37	61	2
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Do you have a favorable or unfavorable opinion of INSERT NAME or haven’t you heard enough about them yet?

Favorability toward Biden remains low at 41% favorable with his unfavorable rating at 57%. The trend for Biden since late 2023 is shown in Table 12. Biden’s net favorability, which was better than Trump’s a year ago, has remained slightly worse than Trump’s since April.

Table 12: Favorability to Biden

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Favorability
	Net fav	Favorable	Unfavorable	Haven’t heard enough
10/16-24/24	-16	41	57	2
9/18-26/24	-14	42	56	2
8/28-9/5/24	-15	42	57	1
7/24-8/1/24	-17	40	57	2
6/12-20/24	-18	40	58	1
4/3-10/24	-19	40	59	1
1/24-31/24	-17	41	58	1
10/26-11/2/23	-14	42	56	2
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Do you have a favorable or unfavorable opinion of INSERT NAME or haven’t you heard enough about them yet?

The percentage of those with unfavorable opinions of both Trump and Harris, the so-called “double haters,” increased slightly from late September to October. For Harris and Trump, 9% now have an unfavorable view of both, up from 6% at the end of September. In the current poll, 46% have a favorable view of Harris and an unfavorable view of Trump, while 43% have a favorable view of Trump and an unfavorable one of Harris. Less than 0.5% have a favorable view of both. The trend in combined favorability is shown in Table 13.

Table 13: Combined favorability to Harris and Trump

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Favorability to both Harris and Trump
	KH fav, DT fav	KH fav, DT unfav	KH unfav, DT fav	KH unfav, DT unfav	DK KH or DT
10/16-24/24	0	46	43	9	2
9/18-26/24	0	47	43	6	3
8/28-9/5/24	0	46	42	8	3
7/24-8/1/24	1	40	41	11	7
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Do you have a favorable or unfavorable opinion of INSERT NAME or haven’t you heard enough about them yet?

Vice-presidential candidates

Democratic vice-presidential candidate Gov. Tim Walz is viewed favorably by 43% and unfavorably by 43%, with 14% saying they haven’t heard enough. Walz’s net favorability has declined from +7 in late September to 0 in the current poll. His trend is shown in Table 14.

Table 14: Favorability to Walz

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Favorability
	Net fav	Favorable	Unfavorable	Haven’t heard enough
10/16-24/24	0	43	43	14
9/18-26/24	7	45	38	16
8/28-9/5/24	6	43	37	19
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Do you have a favorable or unfavorable opinion of INSERT NAME or haven’t you heard enough about them yet?

Republican vice-presidential nominee Sen. JD Vance is seen favorably by 42% and unfavorably by 46%, with 11% saying they haven’t heard enough or don’t know. Vance’s net favorability has improved by 9 points since late September. The trend is shown in Table 15.

Table 15: Favorability to Vance

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Favorability
	Net fav	Favorable	Unfavorable	Haven’t heard enough
10/16-24/24	-4	42	46	11
9/18-26/24	-13	38	51	11
8/28-9/5/24	-10	37	47	16
7/24-8/1/24	-10	31	41	28
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Do you have a favorable or unfavorable opinion of INSERT NAME or haven’t you heard enough about them yet?

Favorability of all presidential and vice-presidential candidates

Table 16 shows the favorability ratings of the aforementioned candidates in addition to the third-party candidates for president. Kennedy is the best known of the third-party candidates, all of whom are less well known than Harris or Trump.

Table 16: Favorability of all national candidates

Among registered voters

Candidate	Favorability
	Net fav	Favorable	Unfavorable	Haven’t heard enough
Harris	-5	47	52	2
Trump	-14	43	57	0
Vance	-4	42	46	11
Walz	0	43	43	14
Kennedy	-6	39	45	15
De la Cruz	-6	3	9	83
Oliver	-3	2	5	87
Stein	-22	7	29	61
Terry	-5	1	6	87
West	-9	8	17	71
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin survey, Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Do you have a favorable or unfavorable opinion of INSERT NAME or haven’t you heard enough about them yet?

Characteristics of Harris and Trump

The perceived characteristics of Harris and Trump are shown in Table 17. More people see Trump as having strong accomplishments and as being a strong leader than see Harris these ways. More also see Trump as too old to be president and as having behaved corruptly.

More people see Harris as intelligent, as honest, and as with the right temperament than see Trump these ways. Slightly more also see Harris as sharing their values.

Table 17: How well does this phrase describe Harris or Trump

Among registered voters

Candidate	How well phrase describes
	Very/somewhat well	Not too/not at all well
Is too old to be president
Harris	13	86
Trump	57	43
Shares your values
Harris	50	50
Trump	47	53
Has behaved corruptly
Harris	35	64
Trump	62	37
Strong record of accomplishments
Harris	45	55
Trump	53	47
Has the right temperament to be president
Harris	56	44
Trump	45	55
Is a strong leader
Harris	50	50
Trump	55	45
Is intelligent
Harris	59	40
Trump	53	46
Is honest
Harris	51	49
Trump	41	59
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin survey, Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: How well does each of the following phrases describe (Kamala Harris)(Donald Trump)?

Issues in the presidential campaign

Table 18 shows which candidate is thought to do a better job on each of eight issues. Trump is seen as better on immigration and border security, the Israel-Hamas war, and the economy, and holds a slight edge on handling foreign relations. Harris is seen as better on abortion policy, ensuring fair and accurate elections, health care, and on Medicare and Social Security.

A total of between 10% and 19% say either that both candidates would be about the same or that neither would be good on each issue.

Table 18: Which candidate would do a better job on issues

Among registered voters

Issue	Who better
	Harris	Trump	Both about the same	Neither good
Immigration and border security	37	51	5	7
Israel-Hamas war	33	47	7	12
The economy	40	50	6	4
Foreign relations	43	47	4	7
Medicare & Social Security	48	38	8	6
Health care	48	38	8	5
Ensuring fair and accurate elections	48	37	6	8
Abortion policy	53	35	5	7
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin survey, Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Do you think Kamala Harris or Donald Trump would do a better job handling each of the following issues, they are both about the same or would neither be good on the issue?

Most important issues

Respondents were asked which of the eight issues would be most important for deciding their vote. The economy is the top-rated issue by a large margin, followed by abortion policy and immigration, as shown in Table 19.

Table 19: Most important issues

Among registered voters

Response	Percent
The economy	38
Abortion policy	15
Immigration and border security	13
Medicare & Social Security	9
Ensuring fair and accurate elections	9
Health care	6
Foreign relations	3
The war between Israel and Hamas in Gaza	3
Don’t know	3
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin survey, Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Which one of the following issues will be MOST important in deciding your vote for president?

Looking back: The economy was seen as the most important issue by 33% in April, while immigration was most important to 21% that month. Both have been relatively stable since July, with around 38% saying the economy is the most important issue and around 13% saying immigration is the most important. Abortion policy has been rated as the most important by about 15% since June, a slight increase from 13% in April.

Partisans differ on the most important issues, as shown in the current poll in Table 20. Republicans are much more likely to rank the economy and immigration as most important, while placing little weight on any of the other issues. Independents rank the economy as most important, with health care a distant second. Democrats put abortion policy as their top concern, with the economy second.

Table 20: Most important issues, by party identification

Among registered voters

Party ID	Issue
	The economy	Immigration and border security	Health care	Foreign relations	Abortion policy	Medicare & Social Security	The war between Israel and Hamas in Gaza	Ensuring fair and accurate elections	Don’t know
Republican	53	25	1	3	7	4	1	5	1
Independent	40	8	11	4	8	5	9	7	7
Democrat	21	1	11	4	26	16	2	14	5
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin survey, Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Which one of the following issues will be MOST important in deciding your vote for president?

Who is better on the respondent’s most important issue

Trump is seen as better on the issue the respondent says is most important for them by 46%, while Harris is seen as better on respondent’s most important issue by 43% and 7% don’t see a difference between the candidates on the respondent’s most important issue. Four percent failed to identify an issue most important to them.

Democrats are slightly less likely to say Harris is better on their most important issue than Republicans are to say the same of Trump, while independents are more likely to say Harris is better on their most important issue. A large percentage of independents see no difference between Harris and Trump on their most important issue, while 7% of Democrats don’t see either candidate as better in this regard. Almost all Republicans see a difference. These results are shown in Table 21.

Table 21: Which candidate is better on respondent’s most important issue, by party identification

Among registered voters

Party ID	Who better
	Harris	Trump	Both about the same	Neither good	No most important issue
Republican	6	89	2	1	2
Independent	42	30	2	20	7
Democrat	85	3	3	4	5
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Do you think Kamala Harris or Donald Trump would do a better job handling each of the following issues, they are both about the same or would neither be good on the issue?
Question: Which one of the following issues will be MOST important in deciding your vote for president?

Abortion

Sixty-three percent of registered voters say abortion should be legal in all or most cases, and 37% say it should be illegal in all or most cases. This has changed little since June 2022, when Roe v. Wade, the 1973 decision which made abortion legal in all 50 states, was overturned. The full trend is shown in Table 22.

Table 22: Abortion opinion

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Opinion
	Legal in all cases	Legal in most cases	Illegal in most cases	Illegal in all cases	Don’t know
10/16-24/24	27	36	31	6	0
9/18-26/24	34	35	27	5	0
8/28-9/5/24	31	35	28	5	0
7/24-8/1/24	33	34	27	5	1
6/12-20/24	34	32	26	8	0
4/3-10/24	28	36	26	9	1
6/8-13/23	32	34	25	6	1
8/10-15/22	30	35	25	5	3
6/14-20/22	27	31	24	11	5
10/26-31/21	23	38	23	11	4
2/19-23/20	18	37	22	15	6
10/24-28/18	26	29	24	14	4
9/12-16/18	26	36	21	9	6
7/11-15/18	27	36	18	11	6
10/23-26/14	24	34	24	15	3
10/21-24/13	26	36	25	10	2
10/25-28/12	28	32	23	12	4
10/11-14/12	25	34	25	12	3
9/27-30/12	25	35	23	12	3
9/13-16/12	26	34	23	13	3
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Do you think abortion should be legal in all cases, legal in most cases, illegal in most cases, or illegal in all cases?

Opinion on deporting immigrants

There has been a considerable shift since 2022 among Wisconsinites in opinion on deporting immigrants who are in the United States illegally, with support for a path to citizenship declining and the group favoring requiring “undocumented immigrants” to leave the U.S. doubling in size since late 2022. Table 23 shows the trend on this question since early 2017. Opinion was relatively stable through the Trump administration and first two years of the Biden administration but shifted in 2024 as Trump called for deportation of immigrants in the U.S. illegally.

Table 23: Undocumented immigrants, opinion

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Opinion
	Stay and apply for citizenship	Stay as temporary guest workers	Required to leave jobs and U.S.	Don’t know
10/16-24/24	50	16	33	1
4/3-10/24	49	16	30	5
4/19-24/22	64	16	16	4
2/19-23/20	67	15	13	3
10/24-28/18	65	15	15	3
9/12-16/18	68	15	14	3
2/25-3/1/18	71	14	9	4
3/13-16/17	66	17	14	2
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Which comes closest to your view about undocumented immigrants who are currently working in the U.S.?

There is greater support for deportation of immigrants illegally in the U.S. when the question is worded differently from the foregoing, as:

Do you favor or oppose deporting immigrants who are living in the United States illegally back to their home countries?

With this wording a sizable majority, 60%, favor deportations, while 39% are opposed. Support has declined slightly from the high point in early September, as shown in Table 24. This wording has been asked of a random half-sample from July to October.

Table 24: Deport immigrants in U.S. illegally

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Opinion
	Favor	Oppose	Don’t know
10/16-24/24	60	39	1
8/28-9/5/24	65	35	0
7/24-8/1/24	64	34	2
4/3-10/24	56	39	5
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Do you favor or oppose deporting immigrants who are living in the United States illegally back to their home countries?

A modified wording on deportation finds somewhat less support when longtime workers are mentioned:

Do you favor or oppose deporting immigrants who are living in the United States illegally back to their home countries even if they have lived here for a number of years, have jobs and no criminal record?

This wording, asked of a random half-sample, finds 39% in favor and 60% opposed to deportations, essentially the reverse of the question where length of residence, employment, and no criminal record are not mentioned. The trend for this question is shown in Table 25.

Table 25: Deport immigrants in U.S. illegally who have jobs and no criminal record

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Opinion
	Favor	Oppose	Don’t know
10/16-24/24	39	60	0
8/28-9/5/24	49	51	0
7/24-8/1/24	44	55	0
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Do you favor or oppose deporting immigrants who are living in the United States illegally back to their home countries even if they have lived here for a number of years, have jobs and no criminal record?

These three versions on opinion about immigrants, with three rather different results, show that opinion on deportation is highly dependent on the framing of the issue.

Perceived candidate ideology

Harris is seen as very liberal by 50%, and Trump is seen as very conservative by 49%. Harris is seen as moderate by 15%, while 8% see Trump that way.

There has been little change in these perceptions since early September, with 2 percentage points fewer saying that Harris is very liberal and a decline of 4 percentage points in those saying that Trump is very conservative.

In contrast to the candidates, voters see themselves as closer to the center: 32% describe themselves as moderate, 11% as very liberal, and 14% as very conservative. Self-described ideology has also remained stable over the three polls. The full set of results is shown in in Table 26.

Table 26: Perceived candidate ideology

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Ideology
	Very conservative	Somewhat conservative	Moderate	Somewhat liberal	Very liberal
Harris
10/16-24/24	3	2	15	29	50
9/18-26/24	2	2	15	30	51
8/28-9/5/24	3	2	16	27	52
Trump
10/16-24/24	49	36	8	2	4
9/18-26/24	52	34	10	1	2
8/28-9/5/24	53	32	10	2	3
Self-description
10/16-24/24	14	27	32	17	11
9/18-26/24	12	25	34	18	11
8/28-9/5/24	14	25	34	16	11
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: In general, would you describe each of the following as…?
Question: In general, would you describe your political views as…

Vote, by party ID

Table 27 shows presidential vote by party identification in the polls since Harris replaced Biden as the Democratic candidate. Partisans are strongly aligned with their party’s nominee, with Democrats slightly more so than Republicans. Republican crossover to Harris has remained in mid-single digits, while Democratic crossover to Trump is in low single digits. These results have been consistent in all four polls.

Independents, in contrast to partisans, have shifted from July, when 54% preferred Trump to 44% for Harris. That balance shifted sharply in early September, with independents supporting Harris 60% to 40% for Trump, and in late September independents backed Harris 61% to 39% for Trump. In October, independent support for Harris declined slightly to 57%, with Trump at 42%.

Table 27: Vote for Harris or Trump, by party identification

Among registered voters

Party ID	Vote choice
	Kamala Harris	Donald Trump
10/16-24/24
Republican	7	92
Independent	57	42
Democrat	97	3
9/18-26/24
Republican	6	94
Independent	61	39
Democrat	99	1
8/28-9/5/24
Republican	5	95
Independent	60	40
Democrat	100	0
7/24-8/1/24
Republican	6	94
Independent	44	54
Democrat	97	2
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: If the 2024 election for president were held today between [Vice President Kamala Harris, the Democrat,] and [former President Donald Trump, the Republican,] would you vote for [Kamala Harris] or for [Donald Trump] or haven’t you decided?
Question: If you had to choose, would you vote for [Harris] or for [Trump]?

Senate vote, by party identification

As shown in Table 28, among Democratic registered voters, Baldwin receives 97% and Hovde 3%. Among Republicans, Hovde holds 93%, while Baldwin takes 7%. Independents favor Baldwin by 64% to Hovde’s 36%.

Table 28: Vote for Baldwin or Hovde

Among registered voters

Party ID	Vote choice
	Tammy Baldwin	Eric Hovde
10/16-24/24
Republican	7	93
Independent	64	36
Democrat	97	3
9/18-26/24
Republican	8	91
Independent	62	37
Democrat	99	1
8/28-9/5/24
Republican	4	94
Independent	65	33
Democrat	99	1
7/24-8/1/24
Republican	11	88
Independent	52	46
Democrat	98	2
6/12-20/24
Republican	12	88
Independent	52	48
Democrat	95	5
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: If the 2024 election for U.S. Senate were held today between (Eric Hovde, the Republican), and (Tammy Baldwin, the Democrat), would you vote for (Eric Hovde) or for (Tammy Baldwin) or haven’t you decided?
Question: If you had to choose, would you vote for (Hovde) or for (Baldwin?)

The multi-candidate Senate vote by party identification in October is shown in Table 29. Third-party candidate support is highest among independents, with little such support from Republicans or Democrats.

Table 29: Multicandidate Senate vote

Among registered voters

Party ID	Vote choice
	Baldwin	Hovde	Anderson	Leager	Don’t know
10/16-24/24
Republican	6	90	2	1	1
Independent	58	29	6	7	1
Democrat	96	2	1	1	0
9/18-26/24
Republican	5	91	1	1	2
Independent	60	30	6	4	1
Democrat	98	0	1	0	0
8/28-9/5/24
Republican	4	91	2	2	1
Independent	62	24	5	7	1
Democrat	99	1	0	1	0
7/24-8/1/24
Republican	8	88	2	2	0
Independent	42	34	9	7	8
Democrat	96	2	1	1	0
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: If the U.S. Senate ballot included additional candidates, would you vote for Democrat Tammy Baldwin, Republican Eric Hovde, Disrupt the Corruption Party’s Phil Anderson, or America First Party’s Thomas Leage?

Senate candidate favorability

In the current survey, Baldwin’s favorable rating is 45% and her unfavorable rating is 50%, with 5% who don’t know enough about her. This is Baldwin’s lowest net favorability rating, -5, of the election cycle, a period beginning in June 2023.

Hovde is seen favorably by 36% and unfavorably by 48%, with 15% who haven’t heard enough. His net favorable rating declined since late September from -9 to -12, his second lowest net rating in the period beginning in June 2023.

These favorability trends are shown in Table 30.

Table 30: Favorability to Senate candidates

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Favorability
	Net favorable	Favorable	Unfavorable	Haven’t heard enough
Tammy Baldwin
10/16-24/24	-5	45	50	5
9/18-26/24	0	47	47	6
8/28-9/5/24	1	47	46	7
7/24-8/1/24	0	44	44	12
6/12-20/24	1	45	44	11
4/3-10/24	5	47	42	11
1/24-31/24	-3	42	45	13
10/26-11/2/23	-2	41	43	15
6/8-13/23	3	40	37	22
Eric Hovde
10/16-24/24	-12	36	48	15
9/18-26/24	-9	36	45	18
8/28-9/5/24	-9	34	43	22
7/24-8/1/24	-13	24	37	38
6/12-20/24	-9	23	32	44
4/3-10/24	-5	19	24	56
1/24-31/24	-2	7	9	82
6/8-13/23	-4	4	8	85
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Do you have a favorable or unfavorable opinion of (INSERT NAME) or haven’t you heard enough about them yet?

Perceived characteristics of Senate candidates

Baldwin has her largest advantage over Hovde in being seen as someone who cares about people like the respondent, 53% to Hovde’s 48%. In late September, 56% said Baldwin cares about people like them, while 47% said Hovde cares about people like them.

Baldwin also has a slight advantage in being seen as committed to serving the interests of Wisconsin, with 56% saying this describes her, while 52% say it describes Hovde. The gap has narrowed since late September when 60% said this described Baldwin and 51% said it described Hovde.

Hovde has taken a very slight lead in being seen as someone who will work to solve national problems, with 53% saying this describes him and 52% saying this describes Baldwin. In late September, 50% said it described Hovde and 54% said it described Baldwin. The full results are shown in Table 31.

Table 31: How well does this phrase describe Baldwin or Hovde

Among registered voters

Candidate	How well phrase describes
	Very/somewhat well	Not too/not at all well
Is committed to serving the interests of Wisconsin
Baldwin	56	43
Hovde	52	47
Is someone who cares about people like me
Baldwin	53	46
Hovde	48	52
Will work to solve our national problems
Baldwin	52	48
Hovde	53	47
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin survey, Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: How well does each of the following phrases describe (Tammy Baldwin)(Eric Hovde)?

Perceived Senate candidate ideology

Baldwin is seen as very or somewhat liberal by 81%, and Hovde is seen as very or somewhat conservative by 87%. Baldwin is seen as moderate by 16% and Hovde as moderate by 8%. More see Hovde as very conservative, 57%, than see Baldwin as very liberal, 50%. The results, with the respondents’ self-description, are shown in Table 32.

Table 32: Perceived Senate candidate ideology

Among registered voters

Candidate	Ideology
	Very conservative	Somewhat conservative	Moderate	Somewhat liberal	Very liberal
Baldwin	2	1	16	31	50
Hovde	57	30	8	1	3
Self-description	14	27	32	17	11
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin survey, Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: In general, would you describe each of the following as…?
Question: In general, would you describe your political views as…

Direction of the state, economic conditions, and personal financial situation

The percentage saying the state is headed in the right direction, 44%, is unchanged from late September, with a 1 percentage point decrease in those saying it is off on the wrong track, to 55%. The full recent trend is shown in Table 33.

Table 33: Direction of the state

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Direction
	Right direction	Wrong track
10/16-24/24	44	55
9/18-26/24	44	56
8/28-9/5/24	46	53
6/12-20/24	45	55
4/3-10/24	41	59
1/24-31/24	42	57
10/26-11/2/23	36	62
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Thinking just about the state of Wisconsin, do you feel things in Wisconsin are generally going in the right direction, or do you feel things have gotten off on the wrong track?

The national economy is seen as excellent by only 6%, as good by 33%, as not so good by 30%, and as poor by 32%. Views of the economy have fluctuated modestly since November 2023, as shown in Table 34.

Table 34: Views of the national economy

Among registered voters

Poll dates	National economy
	Excellent	Good	Not so good	Poor
10/16-24/24	6	33	30	32
9/18-26/24	5	32	30	33
8/28-9/5/24	3	32	35	30
7/24-8/1/24	5	28	33	33
6/12-20/24	4	30	34	32
4/3-10/24	5	28	38	28
1/24-31/24	6	32	34	28
10/26-11/2/23	3	24	36	37
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: How would you describe the state of the nation’s economy these days?

Respondents’ family financial situation is mixed: 44% say they are living comfortably, 39% say they are just getting by, and 17% say they are struggling. While financial situation has been relatively stable over the past year, the percentage saying they are living comfortably is far below the levels during the Trump administration in 2017-2020 or the early Biden administration in 2021-2022. This trend is shown in Table 35.

Table 35: Family financial situation

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Financial situation
	Living comfortably	Just getting by	Struggling
10/16-24/24	44	39	17
9/18-26/24	48	37	16
8/28-9/5/24	44	38	17
7/24-8/1/24	44	40	15
6/12-20/24	46	37	17
4/3-10/24	45	40	15
1/24-31/24	49	38	13
10/26-11/2/23	48	36	15
6/8-13/23	53	36	11
10/24-11/1/22	50	38	10
10/3-9/22	53	35	11
9/6-11/22	56	33	11
8/10-15/22	54	36	10
8/3-8/21	60	31	7
10/21-25/20	67	26	6
9/30-10/4/20	60	30	9
8/30-9/3/20	60	32	8
8/4-9/20	63	28	8
6/14-18/20	61	31	6
5/3-7/20	61	28	9
3/24-29/20	59	30	10
2/19-23/20	62	29	8
1/8-12/20	63	28	8
12/3-8/19	62	27	11
11/13-17/19	66	25	8
8/25-29/19	59	30	9
4/3-7/19	59	31	9
1/16-20/19	60	30	9
10/24-28/18	60	30	9
10/3-7/18	63	29	7
9/12-16/18	56	32	12
8/15-19/18	63	28	9
6/13-17/18	58	30	11
2/25-3/1/18	54	34	10
6/22-25/17	53	32	14
3/13-16/17	54	35	11
10/26-31/16	50	35	14
10/6-9/16	47	38	15
9/15-18/16	53	34	11
8/25-28/16	53	33	13
6/9-12/16	50	37	12
3/24-28/16	51	38	10
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Thinking about your family’s financial situation, would you say you are living comfortably, just getting by, or struggling to make ends meet?

Property taxes, school funding, and satisfaction with public schools

Asked which is more important, reducing property taxes or increasing funding for schools, the percentage saying reducing property taxes is more important has increased substantially since 2018, while the percentage of those placing more importance on increasing funding for public schools has declined. In the current survey, 55% say reducing property taxes is more important, while 44% say increasing spending on schools is more important. In early October 2018, by contrast, 37% said reducing property taxes was more important, and 57% said school spending was more important. The full trend is shown in Table 36.

Table 36: Reduce property taxes or increase spending on public schools

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Which more important
	Reducing property taxes	Increasing spending on public schools	Don’t know
10/16-24/24	55	44	1
9/18-26/24	56	44	1
10/26-11/2/23	52	47	1
6/8-13/23	50	47	3
10/24-11/1/22	46	48	5
10/3-9/22	42	52	5
9/6-11/22	41	51	5
8/10-15/22	43	52	5
4/19-24/22	46	50	4
8/3-8/21	42	52	5
2/19-23/20	38	56	5
1/8-12/20	41	55	4
1/16-20/19	39	55	6
10/24-28/18	40	55	4
10/3-7/18	37	57	6
9/12-16/18	38	57	5
8/15-19/18	32	61	5
6/13-17/18	35	59	5
2/25-3/1/18	33	63	3
4/7-10/15	40	54	5
5/6-9/13	49	46	4
3/11-13/13	49	46	4
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Which is more important to you: reduce property taxes or increase spending on public schools?

Satisfaction with public schools in the respondent’s community held steady from late September to October. Among those with an opinion, 66% are very satisfied or satisfied, and 35% are dissatisfied or very dissatisfied. In June, 52% were very satisfied or satisfied and 47% were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied. The June poll followed news of financial errors in the Milwaukee Public Schools and the resignation of the MPS superintendent. Current satisfaction has returned to the previous level seen in early November 2023, though not to the pre-2020 level. The full trend in satisfaction with schools is shown in Table 37.

Table 37: Satisfaction with public schools

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Satisfaction
	Very satisfied	Satisfied	Dissatisfied	Very dissatisfied
10/16-24/24	12	54	25	10
9/18-26/24	12	52	25	10
6/12-20/24	8	44	27	20
10/26-11/2/23	12	52	26	11
6/8-13/23	14	55	23	8
9/6-11/22	20	47	21	12
4/19-24/22	17	49	20	14
10/26-31/21	28	39	20	14
8/3-8/21	24	52	17	7
1/8-12/20	16	48	24	12
9/12-16/18	20	52	19	9
3/13-16/17	27	52	15	6
4/7-10/15	26	52	16	5
5/6-9/13	20	54	18	8
3/11-13/13	25	60	12	2
5/23-26/12	24	51	18	7
5/9-12/12	25	48	20	7
4/26-29/12	25	46	18	11
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: How satisfied are you with the job the public schools are doing in your community?
Note: Among those with an opinion

Approval of Gov. Tony Evers, favorability to Sen. Ron Johnson

Table 38 shows the approval ratings for Gov. Tony Evers. Evers’s approval is 51% and disapproval is 45%, a recovery from late September when approval dipped below 50%.

Table 38: Approval of Tony Evers’s job performance

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Approval
	Approve	Disapprove	Don’t know
10/16-24/24	51	45	4
9/18-26/24	48	46	5
8/28-9/5/24	51	44	5
7/24-8/1/24	51	44	5
6/12-20/24	51	44	6
4/3-10/24	52	44	3
1/24-31/24	51	44	5
10/26-11/2/23	53	46	2
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Overall, do you approve or disapprove of the way Tony Evers is handling his job as governor of Wisconsin?

Favorability to Republican Sen. Ron Johnson is shown in Table 39. His favorable rating stands at 41%, with unfavorable at 45%, giving a net favorability of -4, his best net rating over the past year.

Table 39: Ron Johnson favorability

Among registered voters

Poll dates	Favorability
	Net fav	Favorable	Unfavorable	Haven’t heard enough
10/16-24/24	-4	41	45	13
9/18-26/24	-9	40	49	11
8/28-9/5/24	-10	39	49	12
7/24-8/1/24	-11	36	47	17
6/12-20/24	-12	38	50	11
4/3-10/24	-12	39	51	11
1/24-31/24	-14	38	52	9
10/26-11/2/23	-10	40	50	10
Marquette Law School Poll, Wisconsin surveys, latest: Oct. 16-24, 2024
Question: Do you have a favorable or unfavorable opinion of INSERT NAME or haven’t you heard enough about them yet?

About the Marquette Law School Poll

The Marquette Law School Poll is the most extensive statewide polling project in Wisconsin history. The survey was conducted Oct. 16-24, 2024, interviewing 834 Wisconsin registered voters, with a margin of error of +/-4.4 percentage points. The sample contains 753 likely voters, with a margin of error of +/-4.4 percentage points, the same as for registered voters.

The survey was conducted with a hybrid sample of 608 respondents selected from the Wisconsin voter registration list, and 226 selected from the SSRS Opinion Panel, a sample drawn from postal addresses across the state and invited to take part in surveys online. The interview was conducted online with 725 respondents and with 109 by telephone with a live interviewer. Full details of the methodology are contained in the methodology statement at the link below.

The partisan makeup of the sample is 36% Republican, 31% Democratic, and 34% independent. Since January 2020, the long-term partisan balance has been 31% Republican and 29% Democratic, with 40% independent.

Large majorities of both Republicans and Democrats favor strict ethics code, fixed terms for justices; majority of those polled say justices decide cases based more on politics than law
 MILWAUKEE – A new Marquette Law School Poll national survey finds that 45% of adults approve of the job the U.S. Supreme Court is doing, while 55% disapprove. In July, approval was 43% and disapproval was 57%.

The trend in approval since 2020 is shown in Figure 1 and Table 1. (All results in the tables are stated as percentages.)

Table 1: U.S. Supreme Court approval

Among adults

Poll dates	Approval
	Approve	Disapprove
10/1-10/24	45	55
7/24-8/1/24	43	57
5/6-15/24	39	61
3/18-28/24	47	53
2/5-15/24	40	60
11/2-7/23	41	59
9/18-25/23	43	57
7/7-12/23	45	55
5/8-18/23	41	59
3/13-22/23	44	56
1/9-20/23	47	53
11/15-22/22	44	56
9/7-14/22	40	60
7/5-12/22	38	61
5/9-19/22	44	55
3/14-24/22	54	45
1/10-21/22	52	46
11/1-10/21	54	46
9/7-16/21	49	50
7/16-26/21	60	39
9/8-15/20	66	33
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys, latest: Oct. 1-10, 2024
Question: Overall, how much do you approve or disapprove of the way the U.S. Supreme Court is handling its job?

The latest Marquette Law School Poll’s national Supreme Court survey was conducted Oct. 1-10, 2024. The survey interviewed 1,005 adults nationwide and has a margin of error of +/-4.1 percentage points.

A very large majority, 90%, favor enforcing a strict ethics code for Supreme Court justices, while 10% oppose this. Unlike other views of the Court, partisan differences on this topic are small, with 88% of Republicans and 93% of Democrats in favor of enforcing an ethics code. There is slightly less support from independents, 81%.

The public is divided on rating the honesty and ethical standards of the justices, with 27% saying that the justices have very high or high standards, 38% rating their ethical standards as average, and 35% saying the justices’ ethical standards are low or very low. While there is division in views of the Court’s ethical standards, support for an ethics code is high regardless of opinion of the Court’s current standards. Of those who say the Court’s standards are very high or high, 89% are in favor of enforcing an ethics code, while 91% of those saying the current standards are low or very low also are in favor of an ethics code.

There are partisan divides in rating the current ethical standards of the Court, with Republicans giving considerably higher ratings than Democrats, as shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Rating ethical standards of the Supreme Court, by party identification

Among adults

Party ID	Ethical standards of Court
	Very high/high	Average	Low/Very low
Total	27	38	35
Republican	43	42	16
Independent	16	44	40
Democrat	14	34	52
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, Oct. 1-10, 2024
Question: How would you rate the honesty and ethical standards of U.S. Supreme Court justices?

The survey asked about other proposals concerning the Court, besides enforcing a strict ethics code.

The proposal for justices to serve fixed terms, rather than the current system of appointments for life, is very popular. A fixed term is supported by 83%, with 17% opposed. Support for fixed terms has increased from 72% in November 2021 when the poll last included that question. A majority of Republicans, 70%, favor fixed terms, as do 86% of independents and 94% of Democrats.

Opinion is more closely divided on whether to increase the number of justices on the Court, with 54% in favor of and 46% opposed to increasing the size of the Court. There has been a modest growth in support, from 42% in September 2019, for having more members of the Court. There is a large partisan divide on this, with 35% of Republicans, 56% of independents, and 71% of Democrats in favor of expanding the number of justices on the Court.

The belief that justices’ decisions are motivated mainly by politics has increased since 2019, with 55% now saying this. The other 45% say justices are mainly motivated by the law. In September 2019, 35% said justices were motivated mainly by politics and 64% said they were motivated mainly by the law.

In 2019, there was almost no partisan difference on whether justices were motivated by the law or by politics. At that time, 66% of Republicans and 65% of Democrats said justices’ opinions were based mainly on the law. In the current poll, 62% of Republicans say mainly the law, while only 27% of Democrats say the same.

Among those polled, 83% say that the choice of the next justice of the Supreme Court is very or somewhat important to them, while 17% say it is not too or not at all important to them. Both Republicans, 83%, and Democrats, 86%, say the choice of justice is very or somewhat important, while 72% of independents say so.

As the Court begins its new annual term, the public is at a low point in attention to news about the Court. Only 19% say they have heard a lot about the Court in the last month, while 61% have heard a little and 20% have heard nothing at all. This is similar to attention to the Court in September and November a year ago. Attention rose over the spring and peaked in July, as the Court ended its term issuing several major decisions. The trend in attention over the past year is shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Attention to news about the Court

Among adults

Poll dates	How much read or heard about the Court
	A lot	A little	Nothing at all
10/1-10/24	19	61	20
7/24-8/1/24	32	54	14
5/6-15/24	27	52	21
3/18-28/24	30	50	19
2/5-15/24	24	56	20
11/2-7/23	15	60	25
9/18-25/23	17	61	22
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys, latest: Oct. 1-10, 2024
Question: Thinking about the last month only, how much have you heard or read about the U.S. Supreme Court?

Public opinion about recent decisions

The poll asked about six recent prominent decisions. A majority of the public favors four of these and opposes two of them. Table 4 summarizes opinion about these decisions.

Table 4: Favor or oppose the Court’s decision

Among adults

Case	Favor or oppose decision
	Favor	Oppose
Ban use of race in college admissions	79	21
Right to possess a firearm outside the home	70	30
Maintain current access to abortion medication	66	34
Right to same-sex marriage	65	35
Presidents have immunity for official acts	39	61
Overturn Roe v. Wade	37	63
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, Oct. 1-10, 2024
Question: (Description of the decision) Do you favor or oppose this decision?
Question: In July, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that, while there is no immunity for unofficial acts, former presidents have broad immunity from criminal prosecution for official acts as president.
Question: In June, the U.S. Supreme Court maintained access to a widely available abortion pill, mifepristone, rejecting a bid from a group seeking to undo the Food and Drug Administration’s approval of the pill.
Question: In 2015, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage.
Question: In 2022, the Supreme Court overturned Roe versus Wade, thus striking down the 1973 decision that made abortion legal in all 50 states.
Question: In 2022, the Supreme Court ruled that, subject to some restrictions, the Second Amendment protects an individual’s right to carry a handgun for self-defense outside the home.
Question: In 2023, the Supreme Court ruled that colleges cannot use race as a factor in deciding which applicants to admit.

Partisans differ in which decisions they favor. Table 5 shows the percentage of each partisan group that favors each of the six decisions above. A majority of Republicans favor five of the six decisions, while a majority of Democrats and independents favor four of the six. A majority of both parties favor three of the six decisions: right to possess a firearm outside the home, a ban on the use of race in college admissions, and maintaining current access to abortion medication. The parties are in greatest disagreement on presidential immunity and overturning Roe v. Wade. They are in least, but still substantial, disagreement on banning race in admissions and maintaining access to abortion medication.

Table 5: Favor the Court’s decisions, by party identification

Among adults

Case	Percent of partisan group in favor of decision
	Republican	Independent	Democrat	Net Rep-Dem
Presidents have immunity for official acts	66	33	15	51
Overturn Roe v. Wade	62	28	14	48
Right to possess a firearm outside the home	93	55	51	42
Ban use of race in college admissions	94	83	63	31
Maintain current access to abortion medication	55	59	78	-23
Right to same-sex marriage	47	64	83	-36
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, Oct. 1-10, 2024
Question: (Description of the decision) Do you favor or oppose this decision?
Question: In July, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that, while there is no immunity for unofficial acts, former presidents have broad immunity from criminal prosecution for official acts as president.
Question: In June, the U.S. Supreme Court maintained access to a widely available abortion pill, mifepristone, rejecting a bid from a group seeking to undo the Food and Drug Administration’s approval of the pill.
Question: In 2015, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage.
Question: In 2022, the Supreme Court overturned Roe versus Wade, thus striking down the 1973 decision that made abortion legal in all 50 states.
Question: In 2022, the Supreme Court ruled that, subject to some restrictions, the Second Amendment protects an individual’s right to carry a handgun for self-defense outside the home.
Question: In 2023, the Supreme Court ruled that colleges cannot use race as a factor in deciding which applicants to admit.

Turning from partisan groups to ideology: There are similar differences in which issues conservatives, moderates, and liberals favor, as shown in Table 6. Conservatives and liberals are the most divided on overturning Roe v. Wade, right to same-sex marriage, and presidential immunity. There is least, but still substantial, disagreement on access to abortion medication and banning use of race in admissions. At least 50% of conservatives favor five of the six decisions, and at least 49% of liberals favor four of the six decisions.

Table 6: Favor the Court’s decisions, by ideology

Among adults

Case	Percent of ideological group in favor of decision
	Conservative	Moderate	Liberal	Net Con-Lib
Overturn Roe v. Wade	66	28	9	57
Presidents have immunity for official acts	67	31	12	55
Right to possess a firearm outside the home	93	63	49	44
Ban use of race in college admissions	92	84	55	37
Maintain current access to abortion medication	50	70	84	-34
Right to same-sex marriage	41	68	96	-55
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, Oct. 1-10, 2024
Question: (Description of the decision) Do you favor or oppose this decision?
Question: In July, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that, while there is no immunity for unofficial acts, former presidents have broad immunity from criminal prosecution for official acts as president.
Question: In June, the U.S. Supreme Court maintained access to a widely available abortion pill, mifepristone, rejecting a bid from a group seeking to undo the Food and Drug Administration’s approval of the pill.
Question: In 2015, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage.
Question: In 2022, the Supreme Court overturned Roe versus Wade, thus striking down the 1973 decision that made abortion legal in all 50 states.
Question: In 2022, the Supreme Court ruled that, subject to some restrictions, the Second Amendment protects an individual’s right to carry a handgun for self-defense outside the home.
Question: In 2023, the Supreme Court ruled that colleges cannot use race as a factor in deciding which applicants to admit.

The Court has had a majority of justices appointed by Republican presidents for 54 years, since 1970 (with the exception of a 14-month vacancy in 2016-17 which created a 4-4 tie). The current Court has six justices appointed by Republicans and three appointed by Democrats. Nonetheless, 22% of adults believe a majority of justices were definitely or probably appointed by Democratic presidents. Another 43% say a majority were probably appointed by Republican presidents, and 35% say the majority were definitely appointed by Republicans. This opinion has varied modestly since 2019, with a slight increase in the percentage correctly saying that there is definitely a Republican-appointed majority, as shown in Table 7.

Table 7: Majority of Court appointed by which party’s presidents

Among adults

Poll dates	Majority appointed by
	Definitely/Probably Dem majority	Probably Rep majority	Definitely Rep majority
10/1-10/24	22	43	35
7/24-8/1/24	24	41	35
5/6-15/24	28	40	33
3/18-28/24	25	43	32
2/5-15/24	29	38	33
11/2-7/23	26	43	30
9/18-25/23	26	42	32
7/7-12/23	22	42	36
5/8-18/23	29	41	30
3/13-22/23	27	41	31
1/9-20/23	23	41	36
11/15-22/22	24	40	35
9/7-14/22	22	40	37
7/5-12/22	20	40	40
5/9-19/22	31	39	31
3/14-24/22	28	47	24
1/10-21/22	23	44	33
11/1-10/21	28	44	28
9/7-16/21	25	46	29
7/16-26/21	24	45	30
9/8-15/20	28	51	21
9/3-13/19	27	53	19
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys, latest: Oct. 1-10, 2024
Question: What is your guess as to whether a majority of the current U.S. Supreme Court justices were appointed by Democratic or Republican presidents?

Confidence in institutions

Confidence in several institutions is summarized in Table 8. Despite criticism over recent assassination attempts by individuals on former President Donald Trump, the U.S. Secret Service has the highest percentage of the public expressing a great deal or a lot of confidence, as among five institutions the survey asked about. The U.S. Supreme Court has the second highest level of confidence, followed very closely by the presidency. The national news media and Congress have the lowest confidence ratings.

Table 8: Confidence in institutions

Among adults

Institution	Confidence
	Great deal/a lot	Some	Little/None
The U.S. Secret Service	31	39	30
U.S. Supreme Court	27	34	39
The presidency	26	37	37
National news media	15	32	53
Congress	13	38	49
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, Oct. 1-10, 2024
Question: Here is a list of institutions in American society. How much confidence do you have in each one?

As approval of the Supreme Court has declined, so has confidence in the Court. In 2019, 37% of respondents had a great deal or a lot of confidence in the Court, while 20% had little or no confidence. In this October poll, the balance has reversed, with 27% having a great deal or a lot of confidence, while 39% have little or no confidence. The full trend is shown in Table 9.

Table 9: Confidence in the Supreme Court, 2019-2024

Among adults

Poll dates	Confidence
	Great deal/a lot	Some	Little/None
10/1-10/24	27	34	39
7/24-8/1/24	26	32	42
5/6-15/24	24	37	40
3/18-28/24	30	37	33
2/5-15/24	25	35	40
11/2-7/23	28	36	36
9/18-25/23	28	37	35
7/7-12/23	31	32	37
5/8-18/23	25	36	39
3/13-22/23	28	40	32
1/9-20/23	31	38	31
11/15-22/22	30	36	34
9/7-14/22	30	34	36
7/5-12/22	28	28	44
9/8-15/20	39	45	16
9/3-13/19	37	42	20
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys, latest: Oct. 1-10, 2024
Question: Here is a list of institutions in American society. How much confidence do you have in each one?

Perceived ideological leaning of the Court

In October, 24% describe the Supreme Court as “very conservative,” 35% describe it as “somewhat conservative,” and 32% call the Court “moderate,” while 7% see the Court as “somewhat liberal” and 2% believe it is “very liberal.”

Views of the Court have shifted to the right since 2019, with fewer members of the public seeing the Court as moderate and more seeing it as conservative or very conservative, as shown in Table 10. The shift in perceptions is most apparent in May and July 2022, around the time of the Dobbs decision overturning Roe v. Wade.

Table 10: Perceived ideological leaning of the Court, 2019-2024

Among adults

Poll dates	Perceived ideology
	Very conservative	Somewhat conservative	Moderate	Somewhat liberal	Very liberal
10/1-10/24	24	35	32	7	2
7/24-8/1/24	28	30	32	7	3
5/6-15/24	25	32	31	10	2
3/18-28/24	25	32	33	8	3
2/5-15/24	21	34	33	7	5
11/2-7/23	21	35	32	7	5
9/18-25/23	20	37	32	7	3
7/7-12/23	27	35	28	7	3
5/8-18/23	24	33	30	10	3
3/13-22/23	23	35	34	6	2
1/9-20/23	22	37	31	8	2
11/15-22/22	25	36	32	6	2
9/7-14/22	29	35	27	5	3
7/5-12/22	34	33	21	7	3
5/9-19/22	23	33	34	8	2
3/14-24/22	15	37	36	10	2
1/10-21/22	17	38	35	8	2
11/1-10/21	15	35	39	8	1
9/7-16/21	16	35	40	7	2
7/16-26/21	13	37	42	6	1
9/8-15/20	5	30	54	9	2
9/3-13/19	5	33	50	9	3
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys, latest: Oct. 1-10, 2024
Question: In general, would you describe each of the following… The U.S. Supreme Court

About the Marquette Law School Poll

The survey was conducted Oct. 1-10, 2024, interviewing 1,005 adults nationwide, with a margin of error of +/-4.1 percentage points. Interviews were conducted using the SSRS Opinion Panel, a national probability sample with interviews conducted online. The detailed methodology statement, survey instrument, topline results, and crosstabs for this release are available on the Marquette Law School Poll website. Some items from this survey, concerning political topics, were released previously, Oct.  16.

Wording of questions about recent and past Supreme Court decisions: These items do not attempt to exactly frame the particular issues in specific cases but rather address the topic in more general terms.

The wording of questions about recent decisions includes:

Food and Drug Administration v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine

• In June, the U.S. Supreme Court maintained access to a widely available abortion pill, mifepristone, rejecting a bid from a group seeking to undo the Food and Drug Administration’s approval of the pill. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?

Trump v. United States

• In July, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that, while there is no immunity for unofficial acts, former presidents have broad immunity from criminal prosecution for official acts as president. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?

The wording of questions about earlier decisions includes:

Obergefell v. Hodges

• In 2015, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?

New York State Rifle & Pistol Association Inc. v. Bruen

• In 2022, the Supreme Court ruled that, subject to some restrictions, the Second Amendment protects an individual’s right to carry a handgun for self-defense outside the home. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?

Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization

• In 2022, the Supreme Court overturned Roe versus Wade, thus striking down the 1973 decision that made abortion legal in all 50 states. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?

Students for Fair Admissions Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College

• In 2023, the Supreme Court ruled that colleges cannot use race as a factor in deciding which applicants to admit. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?