MILWAUKEE – A new Marquette Law School Poll national survey finds that 44% of adults approve of the job the U.S. Supreme Court is doing, while 56% disapprove. This is a slight decline from January, when 47% approved and 53% disapproved. Approval of the Court’s work hit a low of 38% in July 2022 and had risen gradually in every-other-month polling until this new poll. In all of these surveys since the middle of last year, approval has remained well below the 60% rate from July 2021.
The trend in approval since 2020 is shown in Table 1. (All results in the tables are stated as percentages; the precise wording of the questions can be found in the online link noted above.)
Poll dates | Approve | Disapprove |
9/8-15/20 | 66 | 33 |
7/16-26/21 | 60 | 39 |
9/7-16/21 | 49 | 50 |
11/1-10/21 | 54 | 46 |
1/10-21/22 | 52 | 46 |
3/14-24/22 | 54 | 45 |
5/9-19/22 | 44 | 55 |
7/5-12/22 | 38 | 61 |
9/7-14/22 | 40 | 60 |
11/15-22/22 | 44 | 56 |
1/9-20/23 | 47 | 53 |
3/13-22/23 | 44 | 56 |
The latest Marquette Law School Poll’s national Supreme Court survey was conducted March 13-22, 2023. The survey interviewed 1,004 adults nationwide and has a margin of error of +/-3.8 percentage points.
Partisan differences in approval of the Court are quite pronounced in the current poll, in contrast to minimal such differences as recently as July 2021. Table 2 shows approval by partisanship then and now.
Table 2: Overall, how much do you approve or disapprove of the way the U.S. Supreme Court is handling its job?, by party identification
Party ID | Approve | Disapprove |
Republican | 66 | 34 |
Independent | 39 | 61 |
Democrat | 28 | 72 |
Party ID | Approve | Disapprove |
Republican | 57 | 42 |
Independent | 61 | 37 |
Democrat | 59 | 40 |
In March, approval among Democrats was 7 percentage points lower than in January, and it was also 3 points lower among independents in January. Approval among Republicans was 1 point lower than in that early 2023 poll.
Shifts in approval have been substantial since 2020. Table 3 shows approval by party in each of the Marquette polls since September 2020. A sharp increase in party polarization began in September 2021 before decreasing somewhat through March 2022. Polarization then increased in May 2022, following the leak of the draft opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, suggesting that the Court would overturn the Roe v. Wade decision on abortion rights. Partisan differences further intensified in July 2022, following the Court’s ruling in Dobbs overturning Roe. In the subsequent months, approvals among independents and Democrats had moved upward from their low points, until this latest poll, while Republican approval has fluctuated over the past year between 64% and 71%.
Table 3: Approval of the Court, by party identification, Sept. 2020-Jan. 2023
Poll dates | Republican | Independent | Democrat |
9/8-15/20 | 80 | 64 | 57 |
7/16-26/21 | 57 | 61 | 59 |
9/7-16/21 | 61 | 51 | 37 |
11/1-10/21 | 61 | 53 | 49 |
1/10-21/22 | 60 | 52 | 45 |
3/14-24/22 | 64 | 51 | 52 |
5/9-19/22 | 71 | 38 | 28 |
7/5-12/22 | 67 | 39 | 15 |
9/7-14/22 | 65 | 34 | 24 |
11/15-22/22 | 70 | 40 | 28 |
1/9-20/23 | 67 | 42 | 35 |
3/13-22/23 | 66 | 39 | 28 |
Unlike Congress or the president, the Supreme Court is not constantly in the news. Rather, coverage is concentrated around the announcement of decisions and, to some extent, the argument of cases or the appointment of justices. This fluctuating pattern of news means the public may not hear about most cases before they are decided.
In March, 17% said they had heard or read a lot about “a Supreme Court case concerning the use of race in college admissions,” 50% had heard a little, and 32% had heard nothing at all. The cases, Students for Fair Admissions Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College and Students for Fair Admissions v. University of North Carolina were argued Oct. 31. In the national November 2022 Marquette Law School Poll, conducted shortly after oral arguments, 20% had heard a lot, 45% had heard a little, and 34% had heard nothing about the cases.
The public was more aware of a set of cases concerning student loan forgiveness, argued February 28, 2023, Biden v. Nebraska and Department of Education v. Brown. Fifty percent said they had heard a lot about this, 41% a little, and 10% had heard nothing at all.
Awareness was lower about a pair of cases concerning social media companies, argued Feb. 21-22, Gonzalez v. Google LLC and Twitter v. Taamneh. Nine percent said they had heard a lot, 51% a little, and 40% had heard nothing.
The justices of the U.S. Supreme Court are not generally well known among the public, with a majority of the public saying they don’t know enough to give a favorable or unfavorable opinion about most justices. Justice Clarence Thomas is the most widely known and Justice Elena Kagan the least well known, as shown in Table 4.
Justice | Favorable | Unfavorable | Unable to rate |
Samuel Alito | 15 | 16 | 69 |
Amy Coney Barrett | 22 | 27 | 51 |
Neil Gorsuch | 18 | 15 | 67 |
Ketanji Brown Jackson | 26 | 15 | 59 |
Elena Kagan | 17 | 10 | 73 |
Brett Kavanaugh | 25 | 34 | 41 |
John Roberts | 25 | 15 | 60 |
Sonia Sotomayor | 34 | 15 | 52 |
Clarence Thomas | 29 | 32 | 38 |
While knowledge about the justices is quite limited, partisans hold predictably different views of the justices. Republicans give net favorable ratings to justices appointed by Republican presidents and net unfavorable ratings to those appointed by Democratic presidents. Democrats do the opposite, with the exception of the case of Chief Justice John Roberts, who has a net favorable rating across all partisan groups. Table 5 shows the net approval-minus-disapproval by party identification.
Table 5: Net favorable-minus-unfavorable rating, by party identification
Justice | Republican | Independent | Democrat |
Alito | 16 | -3 | -19 |
Barrett | 37 | -12 | -40 |
Gorsuch | 24 | 2 | -18 |
Jackson | -16 | 6 | 46 |
Kagan | -6 | 4 | 25 |
Kavanaugh | 46 | -16 | -55 |
Roberts | 19 | 6 | 6 |
Sotomayor | -9 | 15 | 52 |
Thomas | 46 | -4 | -53 |
The public is skeptical of the permissibility of the use of race in admission to college programs, with 33% in favor of a decision that would ban the use of race and 17% opposed. The case is not yet on the top of the mind of most respondents, however, with 50% saying they haven’t heard anything about such a case or haven’t heard enough to have an opinion.
Polling on this topic since September 2021 has seen consistent opposition to the use of race in admissions. Table 6 (a) shows views including those who have not heard enough about the issue, and Table 6 (b) shows the percentages for only those with an opinion.
Table 6: Do you favor or oppose the following possible future Supreme Court decisions, or haven’t you heard enough about this to have an opinion? Rule that colleges cannot use race as one of several factors in deciding which applicants to admit.
Poll dates | Heard nothing/not enough | Favor such a ruling | Oppose |
9/7-16/21 | 33 | 53 | 13 |
3/14-24/22 | 33 | 49 | 17 |
9/7-14/22 | 50 | 37 | 13 |
11/15-22/22 | 42 | 41 | 16 |
1/9-20/23 | 49 | 35 | 16 |
3/13-22/23 | 50 | 33 | 17 |
(b) Among those with an opinion
Poll dates | Favor such a ruling | Oppose |
9/7-16/21 | 81 | 19 |
3/14-24/22 | 75 | 25 |
9/7-14/22 | 74 | 26 |
11/15-22/22 | 72 | 28 |
1/9-20/23 | 68 | 32 |
3/13-22/23 | 66 | 34 |
There are substantial partisan differences on this issue as shown in Table 7, with majorities of Republicans and independents in favor of banning the use of race while a majority of Democrats are opposed, among those with an opinion about the case.
Table 7: Do you favor or oppose the following possible future Supreme Court decisions, or haven’t you heard enough about this to have an opinion? Rule that colleges cannot use race as one of several factors in deciding which applicants to admit. By party identification.
(a) Among all respondents
Party ID | Heard nothing/not enough | Favor such a ruling | Oppose |
Republican | 46 | 45 | 8 |
Independent | 52 | 35 | 13 |
Democrat | 53 | 17 | 30 |
(b) Among those with an opinion
Party ID | Favor such a ruling | Oppose |
Republican | 84 | 16 |
Independent | 72 | 28 |
Democrat | 37 | 63 |
Another case, argued this past December, 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis, poses the question whether the religious beliefs or free speech rights of business owners can justify refusing to provide some services to LGBTQ customers. A plurality of those with an opinion, 33%, oppose a decision allowing such a business to refuse services, while 25% favor such a ruling. As with college admissions, a substantial number, here 42%, have not heard of this case or have not heard enough to have an opinion. The trend in opinion on this question is shown in Table 8.
Table 8: Do you favor or oppose the following possible future Supreme Court decisions, or haven’t you heard enough about this to have an opinion? Decide that a business owner’s religious beliefs or free speech rights can justify refusing some services to gay people.
(a) Among all respondents
Poll dates | Heard nothing/not enough | Favor such a ruling | Oppose |
3/14-24/22 | 29 | 28 | 43 |
9/7-14/22 | 44 | 21 | 35 |
11/15-22/22 | 35 | 25 | 40 |
1/9-20/23 | 43 | 24 | 33 |
3/13-22/23 | 42 | 25 | 33 |
(b) Among those with an opinion
Poll dates | Heard of case and favor such a ruling | Heard of and oppose |
3/14-24/22 | 39 | 61 |
9/7-14/22 | 37 | 63 |
11/15-22/22 | 39 | 61 |
1/9-20/23 | 43 | 57 |
3/13-22/23 | 43 | 57 |
In the current survey, 33% favor the June 2022 decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, overturning Roe v. Wade, while 67% oppose that ruling. The November 2022 through March 2023 responses are shown in Table 9.
Poll dates | Favor | Oppose |
11/15-22/22 | 33 | 66 |
1/9-20/23 | 35 | 64 |
3/13-22/23 | 33 | 67 |
Partisan differences are very large concerning the Dobbs decision, as shown in Table 10 for the March survey, with a majority of Republicans favoring the Dobbs decision and majorities of independents and Democrats opposed.
Party ID | Favor | Oppose |
Republican | 59 | 41 |
Independent | 28 | 71 |
Democrat | 12 | 88 |
Looking back to earlier decisions, a substantial majority—65%—favor the Court’s 2015 ruling establishing a right to same-sex marriage, while 35% are opposed. This trend is shown in Table 11.
Table 11: In 2015 the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?
Poll dates | Favor | Oppose |
5/9-19/22 | 69 | 31 |
7/5-12/22 | 66 | 34 |
9/7-14/22 | 71 | 29 |
11/15-22/22 | 72 | 28 |
1/9-20/23 | 67 | 33 |
3/13-22/23 | 65 | 35 |
Partisan differences on the same-sex marriage decision are shown in Table 12.
Party ID | Favor | Oppose |
Republican | 41 | 59 |
Independent | 70 | 30 |
Democrat | 82 | 18 |
A large majority of the public favors the 2020 Supreme Court ruling that federal civil rights law protects gay and transgender workers from workplace discrimination. The trend for this question is shown in Table 13.
Poll dates | Favor | Oppose |
5/9-19/22 | 83 | 16 |
7/5-12/22 | 84 | 16 |
9/7-14/22 | 87 | 12 |
11/15-22/22 | 83 | 17 |
3/13-22/23 | 80 | 20 |
While a large majority favor anti-discrimination laws in the workplace, a majority, 70%, say transgender athletes should be required to compete on teams that match the sex they were assigned at birth, not the gender they identify with, while 30% oppose such a requirement.
There are substantial differences, by age, in opinion about transgender athletic competition, although a majority in all age groups favor restricting such competition, as shown in Table 14.
Table 14: Require that transgender athletes compete on teams that match the sex they were assigned at birth, not the gender they identify with
Age | Favor | Oppose |
18-29 | 53 | 47 |
30-44 | 69 | 31 |
45-59 | 75 | 25 |
60+ | 78 | 21 |
Confidence in the Court and other institutions
Confidence in the Court has declined since 2019, when 37% said they had a great deal or quite a lot of confidence. In this poll, 28% have similar confidence. Those with very little or no confidence increased from 20% in September 2019 to 32% in March 2023. The full trend is shown in Table 15.
Poll dates | Great deal/quite a lot | Some | Very little/None |
9/3-13/19 | 37 | 42 | 20 |
9/8-15/20 | 39 | 45 | 16 |
7/5-12/22 | 28 | 28 | 44 |
9/7-14/22 | 30 | 34 | 36 |
11/15-22/22 | 30 | 36 | 34 |
1/9-20/23 | 31 | 38 | 31 |
3/13-22/23 | 28 | 40 | 32 |
Confidence in a number of institutions is shown in Table 16.
Institution | Great deal/quite a lot | Some | Very little/None |
The police | 44 | 33 | 23 |
The FBI | 34 | 35 | 31 |
The courts in your community | 32 | 44 | 24 |
The US Supreme Court | 28 | 40 | 32 |
The presidency | 26 | 34 | 40 |
Congress | 15 | 43 | 42 |
About the Marquette Law School Poll
The survey was conducted March 13-22, 2023, interviewing 1,004 adults nationwide, with a margin of error of +/-3.8 percentage points. Interviews were conducted using the SSRS Opinion Panel, a national probability sample with interviews conducted online. The detailed methodology statement, survey instrument, topline results, and crosstabs for this release are available at the Marquette Law Poll website. Some items from this survey are held for later release.
Wording of questions about future and past Supreme Court decisions: These items do not attempt to exactly frame the particular issues in specific cases but rather address the topic in more general terms.
The wording of questions about cases before the Court in the October 2022 Term include:
Do you favor or oppose the following possible future Supreme Court decisions, or haven’t you heard enough about this to have an opinion?
The wording of questions about previous decisions include:
Opinion of Dobbs decision, striking down Roe v. Wade
Opinion of same-sex marriage decision:
Opinion of anti-discrimination law for gay and transgender workers
In 2020 the Supreme Court ruled that a federal civil rights law protects gay and transgender workers from workplace discrimination. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?