MILWAUKEE — A new Marquette Law School national survey finds that 33% of adults say they do not believe Donald Trump had “top secret and other classified material” at his Mar-a-Lago estate this summer, while 67% believe he did have such documents. Sixty-one percent of Republicans say he did not have such secret documents, while 39% say he did. In contrast, large majorities of independents and Democrats think Trump had classified material at his Florida home, as shown in Table 1. (All results in the tables are stated as percentages; the precise wording of the questions can be found in the online link noted above.)

Table 1: Do you believe Donald Trump had top secret and other classified material or national security documents at his home in Mar-a-Lago this summer?

Party ID	Yes	No
Total	67	33
Republican	39	61
Independent	65	34
Democrat	93	7

The survey was conducted Sept 7-14, 2022, interviewing 1,448 adults nationwide, with a margin of error of +/-3.4 percentage points.

Most of those who have a favorable view of Trump, regardless of party, do not believe he had secret documents in his possession, while over 80% of those with an unfavorable opinion, regardless of party, say that he did have secret documents. Table 2 shows belief about the documents by party and favorability toward Trump. There are too few Democrats with a favorable opinion of Trump to provide a reliable subsample.

Table 2: Do you believe Donald Trump had top secret and other classified material or national security documents at his home in Mar-a-Lago this summer? by favorability to Trump and party identification

Favorable to Trump	Party ID	Yes	No
Favorable opinion	Republican	25	75
Favorable opinion	Independent	33	67
Unfavorable opinion	Republican	85	15
Unfavorable opinion	Independent	82	17
Unfavorable opinion	Democrat	94	6

Among all adults, 34% have a favorable opinion of Trump, while 64% have an unfavorable view. This is essentially unchanged since before the FBI search at Mar-a-Lago on Aug. 8: In the July national Marquette Law School Poll, 34% had a favorable opinion of Trump, while 62% had an unfavorable view. Trump retains a heavily favorable rating among Republicans, while majorities of independents and Democrats view him unfavorably, as shown in Table 3

Table 3: Do you have a favorable or an unfavorable opinion of the following people or haven’t you heard enough yet to have an opinion? . . . Donald Trump

Party ID	Favorable opinion	Unfavorable opinion	Haven’t heard enough
Total	34	64	2
Republican	77	23	0
Independent	30	65	5
Democrat	2	97	1

Within the GOP, a majority (66%) would like to see Trump run for president in 2024,  while 34% would not like him to run. This percentage is down slightly since the July survey but within the range of results in the previous year. The trend for this question among Republicans is shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Would you like to see Donald Trump run for president in 2024, or not? (Among Republicans)

Poll dates	Yes	No
11/1-10/21	60	40
1/10-21/22	63	37
3/14-24/22	68	32
5/9-19/22	68	31
7/5-12/22	74	26
9/7-14/22	66	34

In a hypothetical match between President Joe Biden and Trump in a 2024 election, Biden receives 40% and Trump 36%, while 19% say they would vote for someone else and 6% say they would not vote. Biden has held a slim margin in polls over the last year on this question, but the margin has tightened over time, as shown in Table 5.

Table 5: If the 2024 election for president were held today between Former President Donald Trump, the Republican, and President Joe Biden, the Democrat, would you vote for Donald Trump or for Joe Biden? [order of the two names in question was randomized in survey]

Poll dates	Donald Trump	Joe Biden	Someone else	Wouldn’t vote
11/1-10/21	34	42	18	6
1/10-21/22	33	43	16	6
3/14-24/22	37	41	15	7
9/7-14/22	36	40	19	6

Florida Governor Ron DeSantis fares similarly in a hypothetical 2024 election against Biden, with Biden receiving 40% and DeSantis  35%, with 16% preferring someone else and 9% saying they would not vote. The trend for this matchup is shown in Table 6.

Table 6: If the 2024 election for president were held today between Florida Governor Ron DeSantis, the Republican, and President Joe Biden, the Democrat, would you vote for Ron DeSantis or for Joe Biden? [order of the two names in question was randomized in survey]

Poll dates	Ron DeSantis	Joe Biden	Someone else	Wouldn’t vote	Web blank
1/10-21/22	33	41	18	8	1
3/14-24/22	33	38	20	9	0
9/7-14/22	35	40	16	9	0

Among Democrats, 52% would like Biden to run in 2024, while 48% would not like him to run.

Among all adults, majorities would like neither Biden nor Trump to run in 2024. For Biden, 28% want him to run and 72% do not, while for Trump 31% want him to run and 69% do not.

Confidence in institutions

Table 7 shows confidence in six American institutions. For the first time in three years of asking this question, confidence in the presidency was higher than confidence in the U.S. Supreme Court, though only by a slight margin.

Table 7: Here is a list of institutions in American society. How much confidence do you have in each one?

Institution	A great deal	Quite a lot	Some	Very little	None at all
Congress	4	12	37	35	12
Your state supreme court	8	27	45	15	6
U.S. Supreme Court	10	20	34	26	10
The Presidency	13	20	29	24	14
The FBI	19	25	30	16	10
The police	21	30	28	14	6

Republicans are substantially more confident in the police than are independents or Democrats, as shown in Table 8 (a). However, Republicans express considerably less confidence in the FBI than do independents and Democrats, shown in Table 8 (b).

Table 8: Here is a list of institutions in American society. How much confidence do you have in each one? . . . [order randomized in survey question]

(a) The police

Party ID	A great deal	Quite a lot	Some	Very little	None at all
Republican	36	37	21	3	3
Independent	15	30	29	17	9
Democrat	15	25	33	20	7

. . .

(b) The FBI

Party ID	A great deal	Quite a lot	Some	Very little	None at all
Republican	11	19	28	25	16
Independent	16	22	33	17	12
Democrat	29	34	28	7	2

Student loan forgiveness

A majority, 59%, favor the decision to forgive some student loans up to $20,000 while 40% are opposed. There are sharp partisan differences on this policy, as shown in Table 9.

Table 9: Do you favor or oppose the decision to forgive and cancel up to $20,000 of federal student loan debt?

Party ID	Strongly favor	Somewhat favor	Somewhat oppose	Strongly oppose
Total	37	22	12	28
Republican	15	10	13	62
Independent	36	23	15	25
Democrat	58	31	7	3

Support for loan forgiveness is high among younger adults and declines with age, while there are only modest differences between college graduates and non-graduates within age categories, as shown in Table 10. Among those under 45, slightly more non-graduates than graduates favor loan forgiveness while the reverse is true among those 45 and older.

Table 10: Do you favor or oppose the decision to forgive and cancel up to $20,000 of federal student loan debt? by age and college graduation status

Age	College status	Favor	Oppose
18-29	Non-college	82	18
18-29	College grad	77	23
30-44	Non-college	69	31
30-44	College grad	61	39
45-59	Non-college	56	44
45-59	College grad	60	40
60+	Non-college	41	59
60+	College grad	50	50

Abortion

A majority, 61%, oppose the decision by the Supreme Court to overturn Roe v. Wade, while 30% favor that ruling and 10% say they don’t have an opinion. (Those particular and certain other data about public views of the Court from this September survey were released yesterday, Sept. 21, and can be found on the Marquette Law School Poll website; this release provides further results of the same survey on national topics.) In July, 57% opposed and 31% favored the decision.

There has been little change in preferred policy with respect to abortion in the wake of the Court’s decision, as shown in Table 11.

Table 11: Do you think abortion should be legal in all cases, legal in most cases, illegal in most cases, or illegal in all cases?

Poll dates	Legal in all cases	Legal in most cases	Illegal in most cases	Illegal in all cases
5/9-19/22	29	38	24	8
7/5-12/22	28	36	27	8
9/7-14/22	31	37	26	6

Democrats rate the importance of abortion higher than do independents or Republicans, as shown in Table 12.  The importance of abortion has increased since May among Democrats. while rising less among independents or Republicans.

Table 12: How important is the abortion issue to you—would you say it is one of the most important issues, somewhat important, not very important, or not important at all?

Party ID	zwave	One of the most important issues	Somewhat important	Not very important	Not important at all
Republican	5/9-19/22	34	41	15	9
Republican	7/5-12/22	33	43	18	6
Republican	9/7-14/22	40	35	18	7
Independent	5/9-19/22	38	39	17	5
Independent	7/5-12/22	41	38	13	6
Independent	9/7-14/22	42	38	14	6
Democrat	5/9-19/22	48	38	10	3
Democrat	7/5-12/22	51	39	7	3
Democrat	9/7-14/22	61	33	5	1

In a hypothetical choice between a candidate who favors keeping abortion legal and a candidate who favors strictly limiting abortion, 55% support the abortion rights candidate and 30% favor the candidate who would limit abortion, while 15% say the abortion issue would not matter to them. Half of respondents were asked this question.

In an experiment, the other half of the sample were asked the same question but with the candidates identified as a Democrat who favors abortion rights and a Republican who favors strict limits on abortion. Providing this partisan cue made no difference in the results, with 54% favoring the Democrat supporter of abortion rights and 29% favoring the Republican who favors limiting abortion, with 17% saying abortion would not matter for them.

A very large majority, 90%, say their state should allow a woman to obtain a legal abortion in cases of rape or incest, with 10% saying this should not be allowed. Large majorities favor this among each party, as shown in Table 13.

Table 13: Do you think your state should or should not allow a woman to obtain a legal abortion if she became pregnant as the result of rape or incest?

Party ID	Should allow	Should not allow
Total	90	10
Republican	81	19
Independent	90	10
Democrat	97	3

A majority, 82%, say states should not be able to make it illegal to travel to another state to obtain a legal abortion, while 18% say states should be able to do so. The partisan differences on this issue are shown in Table 14.

Table 14: Should a state be able to make it illegal for a woman to have an abortion by travelling to a different state where abortion is legal?

Party ID	Yes	No
Total	18	82
Republican	26	74
Independent	16	83
Democrat	14	86

A majority, 76%, say states should not be able to make it illegal to order from out-of-state prescription medication that induces an abortion, while 23% say states should be able to do so. The partisan differences on this issue are shown in Table 15.

Table 15: Should a state be able to make it illegal for a woman to get and fill a prescription from out-of-state providers for medication that will induce an abortion, sometimes called “medication abortion” or “abortion pills”?

Party ID	Yes	No
Total	23	76
Republican	40	60
Independent	21	79
Democrat	12	87

Biden job approval

Approval of how Biden is handling his job as president increased to 45% in September, with 55% disapproving. In July, 36% approved and 64% disapproved. The trend in Biden approval is shown in Table 16.

Table 16: Overall, how much do you approve or disapprove of the way Joe Biden is handling his job as president?

Poll dates	Approve	Disapprove
7/16-26/21	58	42
9/7-16/21	48	52
11/1-10/21	49	51
1/10-21/22	46	53
3/14-24/22	44	55
5/9-19/22	42	57
7/5-12/22	36	64
9/7-14/22	45	55

The survey finds the enthusiasm advantage Republicans held in the spring has largely vanished among registered voters, with 54% of Republicans and 51% of Democrats saying they are very enthusiastic to vote. Table 17 shows the trend in enthusiasm by party since May.

Table 17: How enthusiastic are you about voting in the elections this November for congressional and state offices? (Among registered voters)

Party ID	Poll dates	Very enthusiastic	Somewhat enthusiastic	Not too enthusiastic	Not at all enthusiastic
Republican	5/9-19/22	55	31	12	1
Republican	7/5-12/22	63	25	10	2
Republican	9/7-14/22	54	29	15	2
Independent	5/9-19/22	34	28	26	12
Independent	7/5-12/22	33	23	33	11
Independent	9/7-14/22	36	32	23	9
Democrat	5/9-19/22	42	37	19	2
Democrat	7/5-12/22	45	31	17	7
Democrat	9/7-14/22	51	33	13	3

In September among registered voters, 75% of Democrats and 73% of Republicans say they are absolutely certain to vote.

Among registered voters, 47% say they would vote for the Democratic candidate for Congress and 41% would vote for the Republican candidate. Party loyalty is very high for both parties, with a slight Democratic advantage. Independents are about evenly split, with 30% saying they prefer neither party for Congress. These results are shown in Table 18.

Table 18: If the election for Congress were held today, would you vote for the Democratic candidate in your district or the Republican candidate in your district? (Among registered voters)

Party ID	Democratic candidate	Republican candidate	Neither
Total	47	41	12
Republican	5	93	2
Independent	37	33	30
Democrat	96	2	2

Favorability of public figures

Table 19 shows favorability ratings of several public figures. With the exception of Anthony Fauci, all have net negative favorability ratings.

Table 19: Do you have a favorable or an unfavorable opinion of the following people or haven’t you heard enough yet to have an opinion?

Person	Net favorable	Favorable opinion	Unfavorable opinion	Haven’t heard enough
Donald Trump	-30	34	64	2
Gavin Newsom	-19	18	37	46
Mike Pence	-17	33	50	17
Ron DeSantis	-12	27	39	34
Joe Biden	-11	43	54	3
Pete Buttigieg	-7	26	33	42
Liz Cheney	-6	30	36	33
Anthony Fauci	2	44	42	13

About the Marquette Law School Poll The survey was conducted Sept 7-14, 2022, interviewing 1,448 adults nationwide, with a margin of error of +/-3.4 percentage points. For the 1,282 registered voters, the margin of error is +/- 3.6 percentage points. Interviews were conducted using the SSRS Opinion Panel, a national probability sample with interviews conducted online. The detailed methodology statement, survey instrument, topline results, and crosstabs for this release are available at law.marquette.edu/poll/category/results-and-data/.

MILWAUKEE — A new Marquette Law School Poll national survey finds 40% of adults approve of the job the U.S. Supreme Court is doing, while 60% disapprove. In July, 38% approved and 61% disapproved. Both results show a large decline in approval of the Court from the levels found in 2020 and early 2021. 

The Marquette Law School Poll previously found that nationwide approval of the Court dipped in September 2021 and again following the leaked opinion in May 2022 that preceded the decision to overturn Roe v. Wade in June, as shown in Table 1. (All results in the tables are stated as percentages; the precise wording of the questions can be found in the online link noted above.)

Table 1: Overall, how much do you approve or disapprove of the way the U.S. Supreme Court is handling its job?

Poll dates	Approve	Disapprove
9/8-15/20	66	33
7/16-26/21	60	39
9/7-16/21	49	50
11/1-10/21	54	46
1/10-21/22	52	46
3/14-24/22	54	45
5/9-19/22	44	55
7/5-12/22	38	61
9/7-14/22	40	60

Confidence in the Court has also declined since 2019; 37% then had a great deal or quite a lot of confidence, whereas 30% have similar confidence in September 2022. Those with very little or no confidence increased from 20% in Sept. 2019 to 36% in September 2022. The full trend is shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Here is a list of institutions in American society. How much confidence do you have in each one? . . . The U.S. Supreme Court.

Poll dates	A great deal	Quite a lot	Some	Very little	None at all
9/3-13/19	8	29	42	16	4
9/8-15/20	12	28	45	13	3
7/5-12/22	9	19	28	28	16
9/7-14/22	10	20	34	26	10

The latest Marquette Law School Supreme Court survey was conducted Sept. 7-14, 2022. The survey interviewed 1,448 adults nationwide and has a margin of error of +/-3.4 percentage points.

The public continues to oppose the Court’s June decision overturning Roe v. Wade by a wide margin. The decision is opposed by 61%, while 30% favor the ruling and 10% say they lack an opinion. This trend is shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Do you favor or oppose the following recent Supreme Court decisions, or haven’t you heard enough about this to have an opinion? . . . Overturned Roe versus Wade, thus striking down the 1973 decision that made abortion legal in all 50 states.

Poll dates	Heard nothing at all	Heard of but not enough for an opinion	Heard of and favor the decision	Heard of and oppose the decision
7/5-12/22	2	10	31	57
9/7-14/22	3	7	30	61

A very large share of the public says they have “heard a lot” about the Court’s abortion decision, as shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Here are some recent topics in the news. How much have you heard or read about each of these? . . . A Supreme Court decision on abortion.

Poll dates	A lot	A little	Nothing at all
7/5-12/22	81	15	3
9/7-14/22	84	13	3

On the Court’s major decision this past June that the Second Amendment protects the right to possess a gun outside the home, a plurality of the public (38%) supports the decision, with 29% opposed and 33% who say they lack an opinion. This trend is shown in Table 5. Awareness of this decision declined slightly since July survey.

Table 5: Do you favor or oppose the following recent Supreme Court decisions, or haven’t you heard enough about this to have an opinion? . . . Ruled that the 2nd Amendment right to “keep and bear arms” protects the right to carry a gun outside the home.

Poll dates	Heard nothing at all	Heard of but not enough for an opinion	Heard of and favor the decision	Heard of and oppose the decision
7/5-12/22	7	21	40	31
9/7-14/22	11	22	38	29

The amount that respondents have heard or read about the Second Amendment ruling has decreased since July, as shown in Table 6.

Table 6: Here are some recent topics in the news. How much have you heard or read about each of these? . . . A Supreme Court decision on the right to possess a gun outside the home.

Poll dates	A lot	A little	Nothing at all
7/5-12/22	47	36	16
9/7-14/22	31	48	21

Members of the public have come to think the Court should pay more attention to public opinion in reaching its decisions than was their view in September 2020, when 44% said the Court should consider public opinion and 55% said it should not. By contrast, in the current survey, two years later, 61% say public opinion should be considered and 39% say it should not be considered. The trend is shown in Table 7.

Table 7: Should justices of the Supreme Court consider public opinion about a case when making decisions or should they ignore public opinion?

Poll dates	Should consider public opinion	Should ignore public opinion
9/8-15/20	44	55
9/7-16/21	41	59
7/5-12/22	54	46
9/7-14/22	61	39

The U.S. Supreme Court is set to begin its October term in less than two weeks from now. In the new term, the Court will hear cases on whether race may be considered in college admissions and whether religious beliefs afford a basis in the law for businesses to deny some services to LGTBQ customers, among others.

The survey finds that the public is skeptical of the use of race in admissions, with 37% in favor of banning the use of race, while 13% are opposed to such a ban. The case is not top of mind for most respondents, however, with 50% saying they haven’t heard anything about the case or have not heard enough to have an opinion.

Polling on this topic since September 2021 has seen consistent opposition to the use of race in admissions, as shown in Table 8. Those saying they haven’t heard anything or haven’t heard enough to have an opinion increased this year, from 33% in March to 50% in September.

Table 8: Do you favor or oppose the following possible future Supreme Court decisions, or haven’t you heard enough about this to have an opinion? . . . Rule that colleges cannot use race as one of several factors in deciding which applicants to admit.

Poll dates	Heard nothing at all	Heard of but not enough for an opinion	Favor	Oppose
9/7-16/21	19	14	53	13
3/14-24/22	16	17	49	17
9/7-14/22	28	22	37	13

Another case set for argument before the Court poses the question whether the religious beliefs of business owners can, under the law, justify refusing to provide some services to LGBT customers. A plurality (35%) oppose a decision allowing a business to refuse services, while 21% favor such a ruling. As with college admissions, an increasing number—a substantial 44%—have not heard of this case or have not heard enough to have an opinion. The trend in opinion on this question is shown in Table 9.

Table 9: Do you favor or oppose the following possible future Supreme Court decisions, or haven’t you heard enough about this to have an opinion? . . . Decide that a business owner’s religious beliefs or free speech rights can justify refusing some services to gay people.

Poll dates	Heard nothing at all	Heard of but not enough for an opinion	Heard of and favor the decision	Heard of and oppose the decision
3/14-24/22	11	17	28	43
9/7-14/22	24	20	21	35

Looking back to earlier decisions, a substantial majority (70%) favor the Court’s 2015 ruling establishing a right to same-sex marriage, while 29% are opposed. Public opinion on this is largely unchanged in this year’s polling, which on this matter goes back to May, before the Court’s decision overturning Roe v. Wade. The trend is shown in Table 10.

Table 10: In 2015 the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?

Poll dates	Strongly favor	Somewhat favor	Somewhat oppose	Strongly oppose
5/9-19/22	44	25	15	16
7/5-12/22	43	22	15	19
9/7-14/22	47	23	14	15

The public also strongly favors the Court’s 2020 ruling that a federal statute protects LGBT workers from employment discrimination, with 87% in favor of that decision and 12% opposed. The trend on this question, first asked earlier this year, is shown in Table 11.

Table 11: In 2020 the Supreme Court ruled that a federal civil rights law protects gay and transgender workers from workplace discrimination. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?

Poll dates	Strongly favor	Somewhat favor	Somewhat oppose	Strongly oppose
5/9-19/22	58	25	10	6
7/5-12/22	55	29	10	6
9/7-14/22	58	29	9	3

Perceptions of the trend in Court decisions with respect to protecting the rights of various groups is shown in Table 12, comparing September 2022 with September 2021.

Table 12: Over the past 15 years or so, would you say the Supreme Court has generally expanded or reduced the rights protected for each of these groups or has it not changed much either way?

(a) Sept. 2022

Group	Expanded rights	Reduced rights	Has not changed much either way
Those seeking an abortion	8	79	12
Voting rights of racial or ethnic minorities	28	28	44
Religious people and organizations	39	20	40
Contributors to political campaigns	41	11	47
Gun owners	45	22	33
LGBT people	60	21	19

(b) Sept. 2021

Group	Expanded rights	Reduced rights	Has not changed much either way
Those seeking an abortion	23	45	32
Gun owners	27	27	45
Religious people and organizations	33	21	45
Voting rights of racial or ethnic minorities	38	23	39
Contributors to political campaigns	39	15	46
LGBT people	77	8	15

Perceptions of the ideology of the Court

The perceived ideology of the Court has moved in the conservative direction since 2019, with 64% saying the Court is very conservative or conservative in September 2022, compared to 38% in September 2019. The percentage seeing the Court as moderate has decreased from 50% in 2019 to 27% in September 2022. The full trend is shown in Table 13.

Table 13: In general, would you describe each of the following as very conservative, conservative, moderate, liberal or very liberal? . . . The Supreme Court

Poll dates	Very conservative	Somewhat conservative	Moderate	Somewhat liberal	Very liberal
9/3-13/19	5	33	50	9	3
9/8-15/20	5	30	54	9	2
7/16-26/21	13	37	42	6	1
9/7-16/21	16	35	40	7	2
11/1-10/21	15	35	39	8	1
1/10-21/22	17	38	35	8	2
3/14-24/22	15	37	36	10	2
5/9-19/22	23	33	34	8	2
7/5-12/22	34	33	21	7	3
9/7-14/22	29	35	27	5	3

In addition to measuring perceived current ideology of the Court, respondents were also asked how they thought the Court has changed over the past 15 years. The perception of change matches the shift in perceived ideology, with a larger percentage saying the Court has shifted in a conservative direction. These results and trend are shown in Table 14. Since March, the percentage seeing a conservative shift over the past 15 years has increased.

Table 14: Over the past 15 years or so, would you say the Supreme Court has generally become . . .?

Poll dates	Much more conservative	Somewhat more conservative	Hasn’t changed much	Somewhat more liberal	Much more liberal
3/14-24/22	19	31	30	17	3
5/9-19/22	23	29	27	16	4
7/5-12/22	33	32	21	9	4
9/7-14/22	32	31	21	12	4

Views of the justices

The justices are generally not well known among the public, with a majority saying they don’t know enough to give a favorable or unfavorable opinion about most justices. The results for each justice are shown in Table 15.

Table 15: Some justices of the Supreme Court are better known than others. For each of these names, have you never heard of them, heard of them but don’t know enough to have an opinion of them, have a favorable opinion or have an unfavorable opinion?

Justice	Favorable	Unfavorable	Unable to rate
Samuel Alito	19	19	62
Amy Coney Barrett	21	29	49
Neil Gorsuch	18	17	65
Ketanji Brown Jackson	27	14	59
Elena Kagan	19	10	71
Brett Kavanaugh	24	36	40
John Roberts	27	16	57
Sonia Sotomayor	36	16	48
Clarence Thomas	27	36	37

At the time of her nomination and confirmation in the first half of 2022, Justice Jackson was more visible to the public and was perceived quite favorably, as shown in Table 16. The shift in opinion about her reflects the surge in news coverage for a nominee and the decline of coverage once a justice takes a seat on the Court.

Table 16: Do you have a favorable or an unfavorable opinion of the following people or haven’t you heard enough yet to have an opinion? Supreme Court nominee/Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson

Poll dates	Favorable	Unfavorable	Haven’t heard enough
3/14-24/22	44	18	38
5/9-19/22	39	23	38
9/7-14/22	27	14	59

About the Marquette Law School Poll

The survey was conducted Sept. 7-14, 2022, interviewing 1,448 adults nationwide, with a margin of error of +/-3.4 percentage points. Interviews were conducted using the SSRS Opinion Panel, a national probability sample with interviews conducted online. The detailed methodology statement, survey instrument, topline results, and crosstabs for this release are available at law.marquette.edu/poll/category/results-and-data/. Some items from this survey (concerning policy preferences and political topics) are held for a separate release tomorrow (Thursday, Sept. 22, 2022).

Wording of questions about recent Supreme Court decisions: These items do not attempt to exactly frame the particular issues in specific cases but rather address the topic in more general terms. (Prior to the decisions, these were asked as possible future decisions, with identical descriptions.)

Do you favor or oppose the following recent Supreme Court decisions, or haven’t you heard enough about this to have an opinion?

• Overturned Roe versus Wade, thus striking down the 1973 decision that made abortion legal in all 50 states.
• Ruled that the 2nd Amendment right to “keep and bear arms” protects the right to carry a gun outside the home.

Opinion of same-sex marriage decision:

• In 2015 the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?

Opinion of decision that anti-discrimination laws protect LGBT people:

• In 2020 the Supreme Court ruled that a federal civil rights law protects gay and transgender workers from workplace discrimination. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?

The wording of questions about cases before the Court in the October 2022 Term include:

Do you favor or oppose the following possible future Supreme Court decisions, or haven’t you heard enough about this to have an opinion?

• Rule that colleges cannot use race as one of several factors in deciding which applicants to admit.

Decide that a business owner’s religious beliefs or free speech rights can justify refusing some services to gay people.