Approval has been below 50% since May 2022, fluctuating in low 40s after low point in July 2022

Other headlines:

• Of 5 major decisions in recent years, majority of public favors 4; the exception is striking down Roe v. Wade
• Party and ideology are strongly related to approval of the Court and to public opinion of decisions in individual cases
• Less than a third of the public has heard a lot about Justice Thomas’s financial disclosures
• More in public have high confidence in juries and state supreme courts than in U.S. Supreme Court, the presidency, or Congress

Please note: Complete Poll results and methodology information can be found online at law.marquette.edu/poll

MILWAUKEE – As the U.S. Supreme Court begins its October 2023 term, a new Marquette Law School Poll national survey finds that 43% of adults approve of the job the Court is doing, while 57% disapprove. In the previous survey in July, 45% approved and 55% disapproved. Approval of the Court has remained below 50% since May 2022, when it stood at 44%. While approval is up from the low point of 38% in July 2022, it has fluctuated in the 40s percent range since then.

The trend in approval since 2020 is shown in Figure 1 and Table 1. (All results in the tables are stated as percentages; the precise wording of the questions can be found in the online link noted above.)

Table 1: Approval of Supreme Court’s job performance

Among adults

Poll dates	Approval
	Approve	Disapprove
9/18-25/23	43	57
7/7-12/23	45	55
5/8-18/23	41	59
3/13-22/23	44	56
1/9-20/23	47	53
11/15-22/22	44	56
9/7-14/22	40	60
7/5-12/22	38	61
5/9-19/22	44	55
3/14-24/22	54	45
1/10-21/22	52	46
11/1-10/21	54	46
9/7-16/21	49	50
7/16-26/21	60	39
9/8-15/20	66	33
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys
Question: Overall, how much do you approve or disapprove of the way the U.S. Supreme Court is handling its job?

The latest Marquette Law School Poll’s national Supreme Court survey was conducted Sept. 18-25, 2023. The survey interviewed 1,007 adults nationwide and has a margin of error of +/-4.1 percentage points.

Partisan and ideological views of the Court and recent decisions

Approval among Republicans declined by 3 percentage points, to 66% in September, down from 69% in July. Approval among independents declined 7 percentage points, while among Democrats it rose 1 percentage point from July to September. Approval of the Court by party identification is shown in Table 2 for July and September. (Throughout this report, party identification includes independents who say they are closer to a party, while independents are those who say they are not closer to either party.)

Table 2: Approval of the Supreme Court’s job performance, with party identification, July and September 2023

Among adults

Party ID	Approval
	Approve	Disapprove
Sept. 2023
Total	43	57
Republican	66	34
Independent	33	67
Democrat	24	76
July 2023
Total	45	55
Republican	69	31
Independent	40	59
Democrat	23	77
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys, July 7-12, 2023 & Sept. 18-25, 2023
Question: Overall, how much do you approve or disapprove of the way the U.S. Supreme Court is handling its job?

Political ideology also structures opinion of the Court. Table 3 shows approval by ideology in July and September.

Table 3: Approval of the Supreme Court’s job performance, by political ideology, July and September 2023

Among adults

Ideology	Approval
	Approve	Disapprove
Sept. 2023
Total	43	57
Very conservative	73	27
Somewhat conservative	69	31
Moderate	37	63
Somewhat liberal	22	78
Very liberal	6	94
July 2023
Total	45	55
Very conservative	82	18
Somewhat conservative	69	31
Moderate	39	61
Somewhat liberal	17	83
Very liberal	9	91
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys, July 7-12, 2023 & Sept. 18-25, 2023
Question: Overall, how much do you approve or disapprove of the way the U.S. Supreme Court is handling its job?
Question: Generally speaking, how would you describe your political views?

Ideological views also structure reaction to individual decisions of the Court. Some decisions are more popular with all respondents, and some less popular, but reaction follows ideological lines for each of five major decisions of recent years.

Table 4 shows overall reaction to each decision. Four of the five decisions have a majority of the public in favor, while the decision overturning Roe v. Wade has a majority opposed.

Table 4: Favor or oppose recent major Court decisions

Among adults

Decision	Favor or oppose
	Favor	Oppose
Same-sex marriage	69	31
LGBT anti-discrimination protection	85	15
Overturn Roe v. Wade	36	64
Guns outside home	64	36
Ban use of race in admissions	77	23
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, Sept. 18-25, 2023
Question: In 2015, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?
Question: In 2020, the Supreme Court ruled that a federal civil rights law protects gay and transgender workers from workplace discrimination. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?
Question: In 2022, the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, thus striking down the 1973 decision that made abortion legal in all 50 states. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?
Question: In 2022, the Supreme Court ruled that, subject to some restrictions, the Second Amendment protects an individual’s right to carry a handgun for self-defense outside the home. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?
Question: In 2023, the Supreme Court ruled that colleges cannot use race as a factor in deciding which applicants to admit. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?

Table 5 shows the percentage favoring each of those decisions by respondent ideology. Liberals are more in favor of two decisions that are conventionally viewed as liberal—same-sex marriage and anti-discrimination protection for LGBT workers—and conservatives are less in favor. Conservatives are more in favor, and liberals less so, for decisions conventionally viewed as conservative—abortion, guns outside the home, and banning the use of race in college admissions.

Table 5: Favor recent Court decisions, by ideology

Adults

Ideology	Percentage favoring decision
	Same-sex marriage	LGBT anti-discrimination protection	Overturn Roe v. Wade	Guns outside home	Ban use of race in admissions
Very conservative	34	72	75	84	93
Somewhat conservative	54	77	63	83	96
Moderate	76	88	26	71	76
Somewhat liberal	87	92	10	34	63
Very liberal	96	95	6	29	47
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, Sept. 18-25, 2023
Question: Generally speaking, how would you describe your political views? Questions about cases: See under Table 4 for phrasings.

As with ideology, partisanship structures reaction to decisions, as shown in Table 6.

Table 6: Favor recent Court decisions, by party identification

Adults

Party ID	Percentage favoring decision
	Same-sex marriage	LGBT anti-discrimination protection	Overturn Roe v. Wade	Guns outside home	Ban use of race in admissions
Republican	50	77	60	88	94
Independent	70	84	39	73	84
Democrat	87	92	13	40	60
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, Sept. 18-25, 2023
Question: Generally speaking, do you usually think of yourself as a Republican, a Democrat, or an Independent?
Question for independents: Do you think of yourself as closer to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party? (Only those answering that they are not closer to either party form “independent” group in table, as explained above.) Questions about cases: See under Table 4 for phrasings.

Attention to news about the Court

In September, prior to the start of the Court’s October term, few people (17%) said they had heard or read “a lot” about the court in the previous month, while 61% said they had heard “a little” news and 22% had heard “nothing at all.”

Twenty-nine percent said they had heard a lot about news concerning Justice Clarence Thomas’s submission of revised financial disclosure reports on Aug. 31, though more (39%) said they had heard nothing at all about this and 32% had heard a little. After news stories about Thomas’s financial reports first surfaced, the May Marquette poll found that 33% had heard a lot, 32% had heard a little, and 35% had heard nothing at all.

Recent news concerning the justices’ financial disclosures and related matters have raised attention to the ethical standards of the Court. Table 7 shows the trend since May in perception of the justices’ ethical standards. Public estimation on the justices’ honesty and ethical standards has increased slightly in this time.

Table 7: Honesty and ethical standards of U.S. Supreme Court justices

Among adults

Poll dates	Perceived honesty and ethical standards
	Very high/high	Average	Low/Very low
9/18-25/23	30	41	29
7/7-12/23	32	33	35
5/8-18/23	26	39	35
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys
Question: U.S. Supreme Court justices: Please tell me how you would rate the honesty and ethical standards of people in these different fields?

Attention to Supreme Court decisions naturally surges after decisions are handed down and then declines as the decisions themselves recede into the past. Table 8 shows how attention to news concerning the case (decided in June) to ban the use of race in college admissions was quite low in May prior to the decision, rose sharply in July, and declined in September.

Table 8: Attention to news about race in admissions decision

Among adults

Poll dates	Attention to news about the case
	A lot	A little	Nothing at all
9/18-25/23	31	45	23
7/7-12/23	51	31	18
5/8-18/23	16	44	40
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys
Question: Here are some recent topics in the news. How much have you heard or read about each of these? A Supreme Court case concerning the use of race in college admissions.

Awareness of the makeup of the Court, in terms of which party’s presidents have appointed a majority of justices, declined slightly in September, with 32% saying Republican presidents had definitely appointed a majority of justices, 42% saying Republican presidents had probably done so, and 26% saying a majority had definitely or probably been appointed by Democrats. The percentage correctly saying Republicans appointed a majority increased after 2020 when the appointment of Justice Amy Coney Barrett created the sixth member of the Court appointed by Republican presidents. Since then, awareness of the majority has fluctuated modestly, as shown in Table 9.

Table 9: Belief that majority of Court appointed by which party’s presidents

Among adults

Poll dates	Majority appointed by
	Definitely/Probably Dem majority	Probably Rep majority	Definitely Rep majority
9/18-25/23	26	42	32
7/7-12/23	22	42	36
5/8-18/23	29	41	30
3/13-22/23	27	41	31
1/9-20/23	23	41	36
11/15-22/22	24	40	35
9/7-14/22	22	40	37
7/5-12/22	20	40	40
5/9-19/22	31	39	31
3/14-24/22	28	47	24
1/10-21/22	23	44	33
11/1-10/21	28	44	28
9/7-16/21	25	46	29
7/16-26/21	24	45	30
9/8-15/20	28	51	21
9/3-13/19	27	53	19
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys
Question: What is your guess as to whether a majority of the current U.S. Supreme Court justices were appointed by Democratic or Republican presidents?

Confidence in institutions

Confidence in several institutions is summarized in Table 10. Juries in criminal cases have the highest confidence among the six institutions and the lowest percentage saying little or no confidence, followed by state supreme courts. The U.S. Justice Department has the same percentage with high confidence as the state supreme courts, but a higher percentage with little or no confidence. More respondents express little confidence than express high confidence in the U.S. Supreme Court, Congress, or the presidency, though by different margins in each instance.

Table 10: Confidence in institutions

Among adults

Institution	Confidence
	Great deal/a lot	Some	Little/None
Juries that decide criminal cases	40	41	19
Your state supreme court	30	45	25
The U.S. Department of Justice	30	35	35
U.S. Supreme Court	28	37	35
The presidency	24	33	43
Congress	12	38	49
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, Sept. 18-25, 2023
Question: Here is a list of institutions in American society. How much confidence do you have in each one?

Confidence in juries is less divided by partisanship than is confidence in other institutions, as shown in Table 11. With no partisan group holding strongly negative views of juries, the overall confidence is higher. A higher percentage of Democrats express high confidence in juries, but the percentages with low confidence are similar across the partisan groups. This question was first asked in the current survey, so no trend data are available.

Table 11: Confidence in juries in criminal cases, with party identification, September 2023

Among adults

Party ID	Confidence
	Great deal/a lot	Some	Little/None
Total	40	41	19
Republican	37	44	19
Independent	30	47	23
Democrat	46	36	18
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys, July 7-12, 2023 & Sept. 18-25, 2023
Question: Here is a list of institutions in American society. How much confidence do you have in each one? Juries that decide guilt or innocence in criminal cases

The Department of Justice has become the subject of partisan debate over its handling of a number of prosecutions and investigations in recent years. Overall, 30% of the public say they have a great deal or a lot of confidence in the DOJ, while 35% say they have some confidence. A substantial 35% say they have little or no confidence. Those with high confidence increased from 25% in July, while those with little or no confidence declined from 41%.

Partisans are substantially divided concerning the Department of Justice. These differences are shown in Table 12. High confidence increased, at least slightly, in each partisan group in September. The percentage with little or no confidence declined among Republicans and independents, but rose slightly among Democrats.

Table 12: Confidence in the Department of Justice, with party identification, July and September 2023

Among adults

Party ID	Confidence
	Great deal/a lot	Some	Little/None
Sept. 2023
Total	30	35	35
Republican	17	33	51
Independent	19	52	29
Democrat	45	32	23
July 2023
Total	25	34	41
Republican	13	28	58
Independent	18	33	49
Democrat	40	41	20
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys, July 7-12, 2023 & Sept. 18-25, 2023
Question: The U.S. Department of Justice: Here is a list of institutions in American society. How much confidence do you have in each one?

Confidence in the Court as an institution declined 3 percentage points in September, with 28% saying they have a great deal or a lot of confidence in the Court, down from 31% in July. However, there was an increase in those saying they had “some” confidence in the Court, from 32% in July to 37% in September, and a decrease in those with little or no confidence, from 37% in July to 35% in September.

The full trend is shown in Table 13.

Table 13: Confidence in the U.S. Supreme Court

Among adults

Poll dates	Confidence
	Great deal/a lot	Some	Little/None
9/18-25/23	28	37	35
7/7-12/23	31	32	37
5/8-18/23	25	36	39
3/13-22/23	28	40	32
1/9-20/23	31	38	31
11/15-22/22	30	36	34
9/7-14/22	30	34	36
7/5-12/22	28	28	44
9/8-15/20	39	45	16
9/3-13/19	37	42	20
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys
Question: The U.S. Supreme Court: Here is a list of institutions in American society. How much confidence do you have in each one?

Confidence in the Supreme Court remains higher than confidence in Congress or the presidency. Confidence in Congress declined from July to September.

In September, 12% said they had a great deal or a lot of confidence in Congress, down from 14% in July, while those saying they had little or no confidence in Congress rose to 49% from 43%. The poll was completed before Congress took up, and eventually passed, a continuing resolution to fund the government through mid-November, thus avoiding a federal government shutdown.

There was also a decline in confidence in the presidency, with 24% having a great deal or a lot of confidence in September, compared to 28% in July. Those with little or no confidence increased to 43% from 40%.

These trends for Congress and the presidency are shown in Table 14 and Table 15.

Table 14: Confidence in the Congress

Among adults

Poll dates	Confidence
	Great deal/a lot	Some	Little/None
9/18-25/23	12	38	49
7/7-12/23	14	44	43
5/8-18/23	11	41	49
3/13-22/23	15	43	42
1/9-20/23	13	43	44
11/15-22/22	17	43	40
9/7-14/22	16	37	47
7/5-12/22	10	35	56
9/8-15/20	13	42	44
9/3-13/19	10	39	51
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys
Question: Congress: Here is a list of institutions in American society. How much confidence do you have in each one?

Table 15: Confidence in the presidency

Among adults

Poll dates	Confidence
	Great deal/a lot	Some	Little/None
9/18-25/23	24	33	43
7/7-12/23	28	32	40
5/8-18/23	25	30	45
3/13-22/23	26	34	40
1/9-20/23	26	30	43
11/15-22/22	30	33	37
9/7-14/22	33	29	38
7/5-12/22	21	31	48
9/8-15/20	31	23	45
9/3-13/19	28	25	47
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys
Question: The presidency: Here is a list of institutions in American society. How much confidence do you have in each one?

Perceived ideology of the Supreme Court

Public perception of the political ideology of the U.S. Supreme Court has shifted in a conservative direction since 2019, as shown in Table 16. In September 2019, 38% of the public saw the Court as very or somewhat conservative. In the current poll, 57% see the Court that way. Over this same period, the percentage saying the Court is moderate declined from 50% to 32%. Few people see the Court as liberal or very liberal: just 10% in both the July and September polls.

The September poll shows a decline in the percentage, 20%, saying the Court is “very conservative,” down from 27% in July. This is the lowest percentage with this view of the Court since March 2022.

Table 16: Perceived ideology of the U.S. Supreme Court

Among adults

Poll dates	Perceived ideology
	Very conservative	Somewhat conservative	Moderate	Somewhat liberal	Very liberal
9/18-25/23	20	37	32	7	3
7/7-12/23	27	35	28	7	3
5/8-18/23	24	33	30	10	3
3/13-22/23	23	35	34	6	2
1/9-20/23	22	37	31	8	2
11/15-22/22	25	36	32	6	2
9/7-14/22	29	35	27	5	3
7/5-12/22	34	33	21	7	3
5/9-19/22	23	33	34	8	2
3/14-24/22	15	37	36	10	2
1/10-21/22	17	38	35	8	2
11/1-10/21	15	35	39	8	1
9/7-16/21	16	35	40	7	2
7/16-26/21	13	37	42	6	1
9/8-15/20	5	30	54	9	2
9/3-13/19	5	33	50	9	3
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys
Question: The U.S. Supreme Court: In general, would you describe each of the following as…?

Since the Marquette Law Poll’s first national Supreme Court survey in 2019, there has been an increase in the percentage of the public who think the justices’ decisions are motivated by politics. It is 52% in the current poll, while it was 35% in the first survey in September 2019. Following the smallest percentage, 29% in July 2021, and a similarly low percentage (30%) in November 2021, there was a sharp increase beginning with the January 2022 poll, when 47% thought that justices’ decisions are motivated by politics. The full trend is shown in Table 17.

Table 17: Are justices’ decisions motivated mainly by the law or mainly by politics?

Among adults

Poll dates	Perceived motivation
	Mainly politics	Mainly the law
9/18-25/23	52	48
7/7-12/23	58	42
1/9-20/23	49	51
7/5-12/22	52	48
1/10-21/22	47	53
11/1-10/21	30	70
9/7-16/21	39	61
7/16-26/21	29	71
9/8-15/20	37	62
9/3-13/19	35	64
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys
Question: In general, what most often motivates Supreme Court justices’ decisions?

Support for increasing the size of the Supreme Court has increased gradually since 2019, with 54% favoring expanding the Court and 46% opposed in the current survey. The full trend is shown in Table 18.

Table 18: Favor or oppose expanding the U.S. Supreme Court

Among adults

Poll dates	Increase number of justices
	Favor	Oppose
9/18-25/23	54	46
11/15-22/22	47	53
9/7-14/22	51	49
7/5-12/22	49	51
11/1-10/21	48	52
9/7-16/21	48	51
7/16-26/21	48	51
9/8-15/20	46	53
9/3-13/19	42	56
Marquette Law School Poll, national surveys
Question: How much do you favor or oppose a proposal to increase the number of justices on the U.S. Supreme Court?

About the Marquette Law School Poll

The survey was conducted Sept. 18-25, 2023, interviewing 1,007 adults nationwide, with a margin of error of +/-4.1 percentage points. Interviews were conducted using the SSRS Opinion Panel, a national probability sample with interviews conducted online. The detailed methodology statement, survey instrument, topline results, and crosstabs for this release are available on the Marquette Law Poll website. Some items from this survey are held for later release.

Wording of questions about future and past Supreme Court decisions: These items do not attempt to exactly frame the particular issues in specific cases but rather address the topic in more general terms.

Opinion of same-sex marriage decision:

• In 2015, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?

Opinion on anti-discrimination law protecting gay and transgender employees

• In 2020, the Supreme Court ruled that a federal civil rights law protects gay and transgender workers from workplace discrimination. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?

Opinion of Dobbs decision, striking down Roe v. Wade

• In 2022 the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, thus striking down the 1973 decision that made abortion legal in all 50 states. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?

Opinion of decision concerning possession of guns outside the home

• In 2022, the Supreme Court ruled that, subject to some restrictions, the Second Amendment protects an individual’s right to carry a handgun for self-defense outside the home. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?

Opinion of decision banning use of race in college admissions

In 2023, the Supreme Court ruled that colleges cannot use race as a factor in deciding which applicants to admit. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?

MILWAUKEE — A new Marquette Law School Poll national survey finds that former President Donald Trump has increased his support for the Republican nomination since March. In July, Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis is the choice of 22%, down from 25% in May and 35% in March, among all Republicans and independents who lean Republicans and are registered to vote (hereafter “Republican voters”). No other Republican candidate is close to either Trump or DeSantis. Trump’s support for the nomination in July is 46%, unchanged from May, but up from 40% in March. The support for each candidate, and the trends since March, are shown in Table 1.

Other headlines

• In a potential rematch of the 2020 presidential election between President Joe Biden and Trump, registered voters were evenly split, with each candidate receiving 50% support.
• When asked about a hypothetical Biden/DeSantis race, registered voters favored DeSantis, 51-48. There is little change since the May survey, but Biden’s support among independents saw a modest increase, from 44% to 51%.
• Approval of how Biden is handling his job as president inched up slightly to 42%, in July, from 39% in May. Disapproval in July was 57%, down from 61% in May.

The latest Marquette Law School Poll’s national survey was conducted July 7-12, 2023. The survey interviewed 1,005 adults nationwide and has a margin of error of +/-4 percentage points. The margin of error is +/-4.2 percentage points for registered voters, and +/-5.8 and +/-6.7 percentage points for registered Republican and registered Democratic voters, respectively. Results related to the U.S. Supreme Court from the same survey were released on July 26.

Table 1: Support for Republican 2024 presidential nomination

Among registered Republicans and independents who lean Republican

Candidate	Poll dates
	7/7-12/23	5/8-18/23	3/13-22/23
Donald Trump	46	46	40
Ron DeSantis	22	25	35
Mike Pence	7	2	5
Nikki Haley	6	4	5
Tim Scott	4	1	*
Chris Christie	1	1	*
Vivek Ramaswamy	1	3	–
Asa Hutchinson	1	*	*
Doug Burgum	1	–	–
Larry Elder	*	1	–
Will Hurd	*	–	–
Francis Suarez	0	–	–
Undecided	12	16	12
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023 *less than .5%, – Not included in poll
Question: Here are some potential candidates for the Republican presidential nomination. If the primary were today, whom would you vote for?

When asked if the choice were only between Trump and DeSantis, 54% of Republican voters say they would vote for Trump and 46% would support DeSantis. DeSantis held an advantage over Trump on this question in late 2022, but Trump overtook DeSantis in May, as shown in Table 2.

Table 2: If choice only between Trump or DeSantis

Among registered Republicans and independents who lean Republican

Poll dates	Choice of candidate
	Donald Trump	Ron DeSantis
7/7-12/23	54	46
5/8-18/23	53	47
3/13-22/23	46	54
1/9-20/23	36	64
11/15-22/22	40	60
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: If it were a choice between just the two of them, whom would you prefer as the Republican nominee for president in 2024: Donald Trump or Florida Governor Ron DeSantis? (order of names randomized in survey)

While Trump holds just under 50% of first-choice support, and just over 50% when matched against only DeSantis, he gains little support as a second choice among initial supporters of other candidates. Table 3 shows how votes change from first to second choice among Republican voters. Those who initially prefer a candidate other than Trump or DeSantis are overwhelmingly likely to choose DeSantis rather than Trump as their second choice. Those initially undecided are more evenly split on second choices, with a slight advantage to DeSantis.

Table 3: GOP 2024 2nd choice, by 1st choice

Among registered Republicans and independents who lean Republican

1st choice candidate	2nd choice candidate
	Trump	DeSantis
Trump	95	5
DeSantis	6	94
Other candidate	18	80
Undecided	45	55
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: Here are some potential candidates for the Republican presidential nomination. If the primary were today, whom would you vote for?
Question: If it were a choice between just the two of them, whom would you prefer as the Republican nominee for president in 2024: Donald Trump or Florida Governor Ron DeSantis? (order of names randomized)

GOP candidate favorability

Trump is viewed favorably by 69% of Republican voters and unfavorably by 30%. His favorability rating has consistently held near 70% among Republican voters in recent months, with around 30% unfavorable. There have been a decrease in favorable and an increase in unfavorable ratings, comparing January through July 2022 with the same months in 2023. The full trend is shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Favorability rating of Donald Trump

Among registered Republicans and independents who lean Republican

Poll dates	Favorability
	Favorable	Unfavorable	Haven’t heard enough
7/7-12/23	69	30	1
5/8-18/23	72	26	2
3/13-22/23	66	31	2
1/9-20/23	70	28	2
11/15-22/22	67	32	1
9/7-14/22	74	25	1
7/5-12/22	76	22	2
5/9-19/22	75	22	2
3/14-24/22	75	23	1
1/10-21/22	71	28	1
11/1-10/21	70	29	1
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: Do you have a favorable or an unfavorable opinion of the following people or haven’t you heard enough yet to have an opinion? . . . Donald Trump

Trump’s favorability outpaces his voter-preference figures because of defections by some of those favorable to him and majority opposition among those unfavorable to him. This is shown for the first choice among primary candidates in Table 5. Among those favorable to Trump, Trump receives 64% support, but 21% support DeSantis and 8% another candidate, with 7% undecided. Among those Republican voters unfavorable to him, Trump receives only 4% of the vote, with 22% for DeSantis and 49% for one of the other named candidates, while 26% say they are undecided.

Table 5: GOP 2024 1st choice, by Trump favorability

Among registered Republicans and independents who lean Republican

Trump favorability	1st choice of candidate
	Trump	DeSantis	Other candidate	Undecided
Favorable	64	21	8	7
Unfavorable	4	21	50	25
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: Here are some potential candidates for the Republican presidential nomination. If the primary were today, whom would you vote for?

Republican favorability to DeSantis rose during 2022 and peaked in January 2023. It has been declining slightly since then. His unfavorable ratings have increased over time, reaching 21% in July. Meanwhile, Republican voters have become much more familiar with DeSantis, with those saying they haven’t heard enough about him now at 12%. The full trend is shown in Table 6.

Table 6: Favorability rating of Ron DeSantis

Among registered Republicans and independents who lean Republican

Poll dates	Favorability
	Favorable	Unfavorable	Haven’t heard enough
7/7-12/23	67	21	12
5/8-18/23	58	16	26
3/13-22/23	69	15	15
1/9-20/23	71	10	19
11/15-22/22	68	10	22
9/7-14/22	65	10	25
7/5-12/22	62	9	29
5/9-19/22	58	15	27
3/14-24/22	57	7	35
1/10-21/22	57	9	34
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: Do you have a favorable or an unfavorable opinion of the following people or haven’t you heard enough yet to have an opinion? . . . Ron DeSantis

The July favorability ratings among Republican voters for all 12 Republican candidates included in the survey are shown in Table 7.  Many of the candidates remain little known to Republican voters. DeSantis’ net favorability is higher than Trump’s, thanks to nearly equal favorable ratings and lower unfavorable ratings for DeSantis. More respondents lack an opinion of DeSantis than of Trump.

Table 7: GOP 2024 candidate favorability

Among registered Republicans and independents who lean Republican

Candidate	Favorability
	Net favorable	Favorable	Unfavorable	Haven’t heard enough
DeSantis	46	67	21	12
Trump	39	69	30	1
Scott	36	44	8	48
Haley	30	48	18	34
Elder	24	32	8	60
Ramaswamy	20	28	8	64
Pence	-1	44	45	10
Hurd	-2	4	6	90
Hutchinson	-5	11	16	73
Suarez	-6	4	10	86
Burgum	-7	1	8	91
Christie	-35	19	54	27
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: Do you have a favorable or an unfavorable opinion of the following people or haven’t you heard enough yet to have an opinion?

Democratic candidate favorability

Among registered voters who are Democrats or independents who lean Democratic (hereafter “Democratic voters”), President Joe Biden is the choice for the nomination of 54%, with 14% for Robert F. Kennedy Jr., 6% for Marianne Williamson, and 27% who are undecided. There has been little change in preferences since May, as shown in Table 8.

Table 8: Support for Democratic 2024 presidential nomination

Among registered Democrats and independents who lean Democratic

Poll dates	Candidate
	Joe Biden	Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.	Marianne Williamson	Undecided
7/7-12/23	54	14	6	27
5/8-18/23	51	13	6	30
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: Here are some potential candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination. If the primary were today, whom would you vote for?

Biden’s favorability rating among Democratic voters has remained near 80% since 2021, and his unfavorable around 20%, as shown in Table 9. In July, 80% of Democratic voters had a favorable view of Biden and 19% an unfavorable opinion. Biden’s favorability among Democrats is some 11 points higher than Trump’s favorability among Republicans.

Table 9: Favorability rating of Joe Biden

Among registered Democrats and independents who lean Democratic

Poll dates	Favorability
	Favorable	Unfavorable	Haven’t heard enough
7/7-12/23	80	19	1
5/8-18/23	77	21	2
3/13-22/23	78	21	1
1/9-20/23	83	16	1
11/15-22/22	81	17	3
9/7-14/22	84	14	1
7/5-12/22	68	28	4
5/9-19/22	76	19	4
3/14-24/22	84	15	1
1/10-21/22	82	16	3
11/1-10/21	76	19	5
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: Do you have a favorable or an unfavorable opinion of the following people or haven’t you heard enough yet to have an opinion?…Joe Biden

2024 general election matchups

When asked if they had to choose between Biden and Trump for president in 2024, 50% of registered voters say they would vote for Biden and 50% would vote for Trump. There is strong party-line voting, with little crossover voting. Among independents, Biden holds a small edge over Trump. Table 10 shows the vote by party identification in the May and July surveys. In May, Trump held a slight advantage in the overall preference. (In this and subsequent tables, partisans include independents who say they are closer to that party than to the other.)

Table 10: Biden vs. Trump vote, with party identification, May and July 2023

Among registered voters

Party ID	Candidate
	Donald Trump	Joe Biden
July 2023
Total	50	50
Republican	91	8
Independent	46	53
Democrat	10	90
May 2023
Total	52	47
Republican	93	7
Independent	51	48
Democrat	10	90
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: If the 2024 election for president were held today between former President Donald Trump, the Republican, and President Joe Biden, the Democrat, would you vote for Donald Trump or for Joe Biden? (order of names randomized in survey)

In a matchup with DeSantis, DeSantis receives 51% and Biden gets 48%, which is a slight change from May. Biden’s support among independents rose in July, as shown in Table 11.

Table 11: Biden vs. DeSantis vote, with party identification, May and July 2023

Among registered voters

Party ID	Candidate
	Ron DeSantis	Joe Biden
July 2023
Total	51	48
Republican	92	7
Independent	49	51
Democrat	11	89
May 2023
Total	52	48
Republican	93	6
Independent	56	44
Democrat	7	93
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: If the 2024 election for president were held today between Florida Governor Ron DeSantis, the Republican, and President Joe Biden, the Democrat, would you vote for Ron DeSantis or for Joe Biden? (order of names randomized in survey)

Classified documents

Among all adults, 65% said they have heard or read a lot about Trump’s indictment in Florida, relating to classified documents he is alleged to have kept after leaving office. Twenty-nine percent said they have heard a little and 6% said they have heard nothing at all about the indictment.

The level of attention to news about the indictment was quite similar for Republicans and Democrats, and substantially less among independents, as shown in Table 12.

Table 12: Attention to Trump federal indictment in Florida, related to classified documents, with party identification, July 2023

Among adults

Party ID	Amount heard or read
	A lot	A little	Nothing at all
Total	65	29	6
Republican	69	28	3
Independent	43	40	16
Democrat	72	25	3
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: Here are some recent topics in the news. How much have you heard or read about each of these? . . . Donald Trump being indicted in federal court in Florida

While attention to the indictment was similar among Democrats and Republicans, there are sharp partisan differences in belief whether Trump had classified documents at Mar-a-Lago in Florida. Table 13 shows the responses by party since September 2022. Republicans are now evenly divided, with 49% saying there were classified documents at Mar-a-Lago and 50% saying there were not. In September 2022, 40% of Republicans said there were such documents and 60% said there were not. Among independents, 78% now say classified documents were present, up from 66% in September 2022. Almost all Democrats, 95%, now say classified documents were present, compared to 91% saying so in September 2022.

Table 13: Did Trump keep classified documents, by poll dates and party ID

Among adults

Party ID	Were there classified documents
	Yes	No
Republican
7/7-12/23	49	50
1/9-20/23	48	52
11/15-22/22	34	66
9/7-14/22	40	60
Independent
7/7-12/23	78	19
1/9-20/23	71	26
11/15-22/22	64	36
9/7-14/22	66	34
Democrat
7/7-12/23	95	5
1/9-20/23	92	8
11/15-22/22	93	7
9/7-14/22	91	9
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: Do you believe Donald Trump had top secret and other classified material or national security documents at his home in Mar-a-Lago last year?

Following the search at Mar-a-Lago, classified documents were also found in the homes or offices of Biden and former Vice President Mike Pence. Respondents were asked if they thought each of the instances represented an illegal action by the individual, something careless but not illegal, or if there was nothing wrong. The results for Trump, Biden, and Pence are shown in Table 14.

Table 14: Was possession of classified documents illegal?

Among adults

Individual	Posession was…
	Illegal	Careless but not illegal	Didn’t do anything wrong
Trump	59	28	12
Biden	36	48	16
Pence	21	57	21
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: Thinking about each of the following individuals and their handling of classified documents, do you think they did something illegal, they did something careless but not illegal, or they didn’t do anything wrong regarding classified documents.

Abortion

Abortion policy remains a salient issue just over a year after the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade. More than 60% of adults say they are opposed to the Court’s decision, a small decline since November 2022, as shown in Table 15.

Table 15: Favor or oppose overturning Roe v. Wade

Among adults

Poll dates	Overturning Roe v. Wade
	Favor	Oppose
7/7-12/23	38	62
5/8-18/23	35	65
3/13-22/23	33	67
1/9-20/23	35	64
11/15-22/22	33	66
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: In 2022, the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, thus striking down the 1973 decision that made abortion legal in all 50 states. How much do you favor or oppose this decision?

There has been little change in opinion on when abortion should be legal or illegal since May 2022, as shown in Table 16. Sixty-five percent say it should be legal in all or most cases, while 34% say it should be illegal in all or most cases. In May 2022, 67% said legal in all or most cases and 32 % said illegal in all or most cases.

Table 16: When should abortion be legal or illegal

Among adults

Poll dates	When legal or illegal
	Legal in all cases	Legal in most cases	Illegal in most cases	Illegal in all cases
7/7-12/23	29	36	28	6
5/8-18/23	32	36	25	7
3/13-22/23	28	39	27	6
1/9-20/23	26	38	28	8
11/15-22/22	29	36	26	9
9/7-14/22	31	37	26	6
7/5-12/22	28	36	27	8
5/9-19/22	29	38	24	8
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: Do you think abortion should be legal in all cases, legal in most cases, illegal in most cases, or illegal in all cases?

The public is closely divided on a national ban on abortions after 15 weeks of pregnancy, with strong partisan differences, as shown in Table 17. Overall, 47% favor a ban after 15 weeks, while 53% are opposed. Among Republicans, almost three-quarters favor such a ban while among Democrats three-quarters are opposed. Independents are somewhat more opposed to a ban, 56%, with 43% in favor.

Table 17: Favor or oppose a national 15-week ban on abortion, with party identification, July 2023

Among adults

Party ID	15 week ban
	Favor	Oppose
Total	47	53
Republican	73	27
Independent	43	56
Democrat	25	75
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: Which of the following proposals would you favor and which would you oppose? . . . Pass a national law banning abortion after 15 weeks of pregnancy

Abortion is one of the most important issues for 38% of adults, and somewhat important for 40%, with 18% saying it is not very important and 4% saying it is not important at all. There has been some decline in the percent who say it is one of the most important issues, from 48% in September 2022 to the current 38%. The full trend is shown in Table 18.

Table 18: How important is the abortion issue to you

Among adults

Poll dates	How important
	One of the most important issues	Somewhat important	Not very important	Not important at all
7/7-12/23	38	40	18	4
9/7-14/22	48	35	12	5
7/5-12/22	42	39	12	5
5/9-19/22	40	39	15	6
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: How important is the abortion issue to you—would you say it is one of the most important, somewhat important, not very important, or not important at all?

The poll asked about how much people have read or heard about a plea agreement by Hunter Biden to misdemeanor charges of tax evasion and an agreement concerning a gun charge. Among adults, 36% said they have heard or read a lot about this, 40% have heard a little, and 23% have heard nothing at all. Attention to this news also varied by party identification, as shown in Table 19, with Republicans more likely to have heard a lot than Democrats, while independents were least likely to have heard a lot.

Table 19: Attention to Hunter Biden plea agreement, with party identification, July 2023

Among adults

Party ID	Amount heard or read
	A lot	A little	Nothing at all
Total	36	40	23
Republican	44	39	18
Independent	26	31	42
Democrat	33	45	21
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: Here are some recent topics in the news. How much have you heard or read about each of these? . . . Hunter Biden’s agreement to plead guilty to misdemeanor charges of tax evasion and a gun charge

Presidential job approval

Approval of how Joe Biden is handling his job as president inched up slightly to 42% in July, from 39% in May. Disapproval in July was 57%, down from 61% in May. The full trend for Biden job approval in the Marquette Law School poll is shown in Table 20.

Table 20: Approval of Biden’s handling his job as president

Among adults

Poll dates	Biden job approval
	Approve	Disapprove
7/7-12/23	42	57
5/8-18/23	39	61
3/13-22/23	39	61
1/9-20/23	43	56
11/15-22/22	45	55
9/7-14/22	45	55
7/5-12/22	36	64
5/9-19/22	42	57
3/14-24/22	44	55
1/10-21/22	46	53
11/1-10/21	49	51
9/7-16/21	48	52
7/16-26/21	58	42
Marquette Law School Poll, national survey, July 7-12, 2023
Question: Overall, how much do you approve or disapprove of the way Joe Biden is handling his job as president?

About the Marquette Law School Poll

The survey was conducted July 7-12, 2023, interviewing 1,005 adults nationwide, with a margin of error of +/-4 percentage points. For all registered voters, the margin of error is +/-4.2 percentage points. For registered voters who are Republican or independents who lean Republican, the margin of error is +/-5.8 percentage points and for registered voters who are Democrats or independents who lean Democratic the margin of error is +/-6.7 percentage points. Interviews were conducted using the SSRS Opinion Panel, a national probability sample with interviews conducted online.  Certain other data from this survey (focusing on those about public views of the Supreme Court) were released yesterday, on July 26.  The detailed methodology statement, survey instrument, topline results, and crosstabs for this release are available at the Marquette Law School Poll website.