New Marquette Lawyer Sheds Light on Issues Shaping Today’s World

Marquette Lawyer Cover Summer 2025Marquette Lawyer is not a news magazine, strictly speaking. In fact, there is hardly anything left of news magazines in the United States. But that hardly means there isn’t a lot to learn about what is in the news. And the Summer 2025 issue of Marquette Lawyer certainly provides news in the sense of insights on several major current matters.

Start with Canada. No, we’re not interested in the controversies over making Canada part of the United States or trade policies between the two nations. But we are interested in understanding our neighbor to the north better, especially when it comes to its legal system, which is surely an appropriate focus for those involved in legal education and the law more generally.

That’s what brought the Hon. Suzanne Côté, a justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, to Marquette Law School to present the annual Hallows Lecture last academic year. “Roots of the Living Tree,” an edited version of her lecture, is the cover story of the magazine and offers insights into the premises and practices of Canadian constitutional law. The text may be read by clicking here.

While the Canadian legal system makes infrequent news in the United States, the rapidly developing world of artificial intelligence is in the news often. How to control problems connected to AI, such as false content known as “hallucinations” and copyright infringement, is a timely and important topic.

That brought Reuven Avi-Yonah, the Irwin I. Cohn Professor of Law and director of the International Tax LLM Program at the University of Michigan, here for the annual Robert F. Boden Lecture this past September. Avi-Yonah, one of the world’s most widely respected scholars on tax law, delivered a lecture, “Can Tax Policy Help Us Control Artificial Intelligence?” That became a major piece in this  issue, which may be read by clicking here.

The way Wisconsin handles decisions about setting boundaries for legislative districts has attracted national attention recently. The ups and downs of redistricting decisions have been both influential in shaping power in Wisconsin politics and difficult to follow. John D. Johnson, a researcher with Marquette Law School’s Lubar Center for Public Policy Research and Civic Education, is an expert on redistricting and what it has meant to Wisconsin politics. “The Boundaries of Law and Politics” is his richly detailed article describing the history of the subject. As redistricting continues to be in the news, Johnson’s guide to the subject provides valuable background. It may be read by clicking here.

Another issue that underlies much of the news in today’s world: the quality of judging and judges, from local courts to the highest courts in the land. “In Search of Humbler—and Wiser—Judgments” offers thoughts from Chad M. Oldfather, professor of law at Marquette University. Oldfather’s new book, Judges, Judging, and Judgment: Character, Wisdom, and Humility in a Polarized World, was published by Cambridge University Press. Oldfather also talks about good judgment in legal practice beyond the courtroom in this question-and-answer dialogue. It can be read by clicking here.

Marquette University’s new president, Kimo Ah Yun, has been in the news a lot. In a Lubar Center “Get to Know” program on January 17, 2025, Ah Yun told moderator Derek Mosley, director of the Lubar Center, and an audience of about 200 his powerful personal story, as well as some aspects of his vision for Marquette. The story of his “underdog” rise may be read by clicking here.

Over the years, ways to improve the outcomes of people being released from incarceration has been the subject of several programs at Marquette Law School. In December 2013, for example, Craig Steven Wilder, a professor of American history at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was interviewed by Mike Gousha, distinguished fellow in law and public policy, about Wilder’s book on how race and slavery issues were handled by some prominent universities.

In the audience was R. L. McNeely, L’94, a retired professor at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. At a lunch afterwards for a small group, the conversation turned to Wilder’s involvement in a program aimed at helping educate incarcerated people.

McNeely followed up by starting to work on creating such a program in Wisconsin, involving Marquette and ultimately several other universities. It took years for the idea to become reality, and McNeely, who died in 2020, did not live long enough to see that happen. “From Conversation to Dream to Idea to Reality” describes the origins of the idea and the determination of McNeely and several others, including faculty in Marquette University’s Klingler College of Arts and Sciences, to launch what is now known as the McNeely Prison Education Consortium. The article may be read by clicking here.

“Good Neighbors”—that’s the headline on an article about changes in the immediate vicinity of Eckstein Hall, the Law School’s home. The changes include a new pastor at the Church of the Gesu, Rev. Michael Simone, S.J., and a largescale renovation of sections of the church building; the $42 million renovation and expansion of Straz Hall, making it the new home of the College of Nursing under the continued leadership of Dean Jill Guttormson; and the vision of a new director, John McKinnon, at the Haggerty Museum of Art. The Law School community welcomes all three good neighbors. The article may be read by clicking here.

In early 2025, John T. Chisholm stepped down after 18 years as Milwaukee County district attorney and more than three decades of service in the office and is now a senior lecturer at the Law School. In an essay, “A New Venue for Kindling the Fire for Lawyers to Serve Others,” Chisholm offers his perspective on his new role. It can be read by clicking here.

John Novotny recently retired after almost 20 years working on behalf of the Law School and longer service yet to Marquette University. In remarks at Novotny’s retirement reception, Law School Dean Joseph D. Kearney praised Novotny for more than his success in raising funds. Novotny embodies the vision of Jesuit education, Kearney said. The text of his remarks may be read by clicking here.

In his column, titled “Speaking Just for Myself,” Dean Kearney reflects on his approach to aspects of his office. His column may be read by clicking here.

Finally: the Class Notes describe recent accomplishments of more than 40 Marquette lawyers, including Byron B. Conway, L’02, who was recently sworn in as a federal judge serving the Green Bay Division of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. The notes may be read by clicking here, and the back cover (here), through two examples, spotlights the impressive record of Marquette law students serving in pro bono and public service roles.

The full magazine may be read by clicking here for the PDF or here for the “interactive” version.

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Judge Scudder Discusses “Resorting to Courts” in an Exemplary Hallows Lecture

Honorable Michael Y. ScudderThe Hon. Michael Y. Scudder, judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, delivered this year’s Hallows Lecture, yesterday evening, to more than 200 individuals in Eckstein Hall’s Lubar Center. The lecture was exemplary.

The E. Harold Hallows Lecture is an annual highlight at Marquette University Law School. Most often delivered by a judge, the lecture is an opportunity to welcome into our community an accomplished individual from whom all of us interested in the law—students, faculty, other judges, lawyers, and all manner of interested individuals—might learn.

This was not Judge Scudder’s first trip to Marquette Law School, as he presided at the Jenkins Honors Moot Court Finals in 2023 (his similar service in 2021, during the COVID era, having been undertaken remotely by Teams). The judge keeps close to law schools, it would seem—for example, teaching national security law at the University of Chicago Law School and advanced federal jurisdiction at the Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law. Judge Scudder’s interest in legal education, especially in the Seventh Circuit’s region of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana, is impressive and inspiring more generally.

Judge Scudder’s Hallows Lecture was titled “Resorting to Courts: Article III Standing as the Guardian of Free Speech & Democratic Self-Governance.” It proceeds in two main parts.

The first half explains and defends the standing requirement in federal courts. The judge describes the precept’s basis in the “Cases” or “Controversies” requirement of Article III of the Constitution, defends it as a structural limitation on the exercise of judicial power, yet acknowledges the ideological lens through which many individuals seem to view standing issues. The lecture offers a defense of the cases and a strong, institutions-based justification of the concept.

The lecture’s second half explores the relationship between the Case or Controversy requirement and free speech. It emphasizes that the standing requirement—particularly by disfavoring pre-enforcement facial challenges to government policies on very broad grounds—appropriately encourages people to hash out their differences in forums envisioned and intended as policy-setting. This half laments the echo chambers into which many individuals have placed themselves in our society and hopes that more open, respectful, and constructive dialogue, outside of courts, can occur to sort out the “cultural” issues and policies needing resolution at all levels of government.

Here’s a flavor:

. . . . This is how Article III’s limitation on the exercise of judicial power leaves policymaking, and the difficult line drawing it often entails, to the exercise of free speech. Speaking up, objecting, and sharing perspectives with those who differ from us is how we understand, persuade, and, often, find common ground where agreement seems beyond reach.

If that framing is too idealistic in today’s times, I would hope skeptics would at least recognize that the alternative—permitting very difficult legal questions to come to federal court based only on a showing of a genuine worry—casts a vote of little confidence in the role speech can play in finding solutions, or perhaps tolerable compromises, to some of the most divisive questions of our day. And even if these culture war lawsuits should not be viewed as a vote of confidence in federal courts as the ultimate decision makers, they put great pressure on principles of restraint designed to allow democratic processes—whether at the national or local level—to offer answers and outlets for persuasion and compromise in the first instance.

Our constitutional design envisions constitutional answers coming in slower-paced increments than contemplated by pre-enforcement facial challenges like the one Parents Protecting Our Children lodged against the Eau Claire policy. It is not happenstance that the architect who designed the Supreme Court, Cass Gilbert, thought the tortoise an appropriate decorative and symbolic feature for the building’s design. In the same way tortoises move slowly, sometimes the law develops best when principles, doctrines, and answers come with time and, I might add, with more speech and dialogue helping to bridge social divides. Pre-enforcement facial challenges, however, often result in expansive injunctions that apply in one fell swoop—the sort of forward-looking policymaking that is best left to the more democratic branches.

Judge Scudder’s lecture was outstanding, even beyond its timeliness. While versions of it will appear in the fall Marquette Law Review and Marquette Lawyer, one can watch the lecture here or read a working copy of it here.

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Election 2024: Misconceptions About the Future of Reproductive Freedom

Rare is the presidential election in which American voters do not get peppered with the message that the choice to be confronted poses an alternative of monumental importance.

No less rare is the presidential election in which candidates and their surrogates refrain from accusing opponents of misrepresenting facts sufficiently often that even Pinocchio and Charles Ponzi would blush.

In these respects, the current contest—despite its conspicuous differences from those that preceded it—mirrors rather than diverges from those of the past.

Donald Trump’s uneasy relationship with truth provides full-time employment for factcheckers who once needed to supplement their incomes in other ways.

Tim Walz’s missteps have afforded folks thirsty for credibility no shortage of opportunities to demonstrate that the Fourth and Fifth estates hold Democrats to standards approaching the rigor to which they hold Republicans and their surrogates.

Yet one particular set of representations that has assumed a central role in the campaign continues to go unexamined, unchecked, unexplored.  And, oddly enough, this neglect spans the breadth of the ideological spectrum, from Tom Cotton to AOC, from Fox News to MSNBC, from the Wall Street Journal, National Review, Heritage, and Cato to the New Republic, Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert, Slate, Mother Jones, CNN, and Brookings.

The Democratic ticket seeks to persuade the nation that the status of reproductive rights for women and their families will undergo a massive change should the Harris/Walz ticket emerge victorious. More specifically, the ticket would have us believe that its victory would lead to increased protection at the national level for these aspects of liberty guaranteed from 1973 up to the cataclysm that goes by the name Dobbs.

But the premise of such an argument remains flawed.

And it remains flawed for at least three reasons.

One is that the status of this once-upon-a-time freedom under federal constitutional law is certain to remain as it stands today for at least the next generation: non-existent. Put simply, while left-leaning law professors exhaled in the aftermath of the 1992 reaffirmation of Roe announced by a trio of Justices appointed by Presidents Reagan (O’Connor and Kennedy) and Bush 1 (Souter), opponents of abortion rights continued their effort to cobble together a coalition targeted to upend Roe and its progeny. A focused slice of the endeavor was to identify, cultivate, and elevate to the nation’s highest court individuals committed to the proposition that the reproductive liberty of women and their families was worthy of less constitutional protection than the potential life being carried by a pregnant woman.

Mitch McConnell knew well that a Justice Merrick Garland would pose an unwelcome obstacle to these efforts. After all, McConnell’s mama didn’t raise no fool. The Garland nomination thus withered on the 2016 vine.

The Trump Justices—Neal Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett—promptly completed the task with surgical-strike dispatch, joining Justices Alito and Thomas to remove the very federal constitutional protection that had been enshrined a half century earlier.  To boot, that quintet received a crucial assist from an unlikely source:  Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

Yes: Historians will sidestep the contribution to the pro-life movement made by Justice Ginsburg in resisting overtures to retire during the second Obama term. That assist nevertheless looms large. It will continue to grow in magnitude even as pro-choice advocates who dominate the nation’s law schools raise their glasses to toast RBG at every opportunity. And do so at the very moment at which more than a few women across the nation scour the web for information about jurisdictions that will allow them to end an unwanted pregnancy.

A second reason pro-choice Americans should be skeptical about the changes a Harris/Walz administration would usher in concerns the prospects for Congress passing a law that would guarantee women the reproductive freedom recently lost by virtue of Dobbs.  Simple arithmetic reveals why.

Rare is the prognosticator who believes Democrats will control each house of Congress come January. And even were such an unlikely development to unfold the same simple arithmetic reveals that the filibuster would be employed successfully in the Senate to prevent a national pro-choice law from reaching the floor for a vote. Quite simply: The talk of “codifying” Roe is now and over the coming few years will remain just that:  talk.

Yet suppose pro-choice Americans persist in convincing themselves that my analysis misfires.

Suppose a Harris/Walz administration, assisted by a Democratic Congress, magically transforms the status quo and—poof!—brings into existence a national law that codifies reproductive freedom.

All this merely leads to the third reason a Harris/Walz administration will not succeed at restoring reproductive freedom at the national level. Unpacking this third reason to make it accessible to Americans whose attention span gets briefer with each passing day represents no easy task. But the daunting nature of the challenge has  nothing to do with why the Harris/Walz campaign has steered clear of any effort to do so.

The same Supreme Court majority that delivered us Dobbs construes the enumerated powers of Congress narrowly.

Very narrowly.

More specifically: A core tenet of contemporary conservative jurisprudence is that the commerce power—the constitutional power that has anchored the bulk of law enacted at the national level since the New Deal—is permitted to reach only activities that are genuinely national in scope. Every indication is that the current Supreme Court views reproductive freedom as not such an activity.

Now: It matters not a whit that you, or I, or a pregnant neighbor down the block discerns that a self-evident paradox of Dobbs is to suffuse the plight of pregnant women with concerns that affect interstate commerce and mobility.

What matters, instead, is this: The same Supreme Court majority that refused to acknowledge the close and substantial relationship reproductive liberty bears to other long-established constitutional freedoms will be the majority telling us that views harbored by our eighteenth century “Framers” about subjects worthy of national legislative attention foreclose the authority of a twenty-first century Congress to pass a law that safeguards reproductive freedom without violating core tenets harbored by James Madison and his peers. Put bluntly, no such “codification” of Roe signed by President Harris would survive the scrutiny of what not all that long ago was dubbed the Roberts Court.

Candidate Richard Nixon’s “secret” plan to end the Vietnam war remained a secret for sufficiently long that America’s involvement in that conflict lingered until well after Nixon had left the Oval Office in disgrace.

The vow that emerged from the lips of candidate Bush 1—“no new taxes”—proved demonstrably false by the end of the second year of his administration.

A similar fate awaits the repeated suggestion that a Harris/Walz administration will bring about protection at the national level for reproductive freedom. In point of fact, the safeguards in place for that freedom at the national level when a hypothetical Harris/Walz administration comes to a close will bear an uncanny resemblance to the status of such safeguards today: regrettably non-existent.

Yet uttering that truth aloud—let alone doing so at the climax of a campaign during which the Harris/Walz ticket has sought to leverage the issue for all the votes it can garner—would make for a miserably disappointing rally. And a thirty-second television spot that would galvanize neither the Democratic base nor pro-choice Republicans who find themselves at the vital center in battleground states.

To paraphrase that Jack Nicholson line:  We can’t handle the truth.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Continue ReadingElection 2024: Misconceptions About the Future of Reproductive Freedom