Return to Sports Law Research Website
This page provides links to important U.S. government and federal research resources that may be useful for a sports law researcher or scholar.
Federal Laws Related to Sports or Athletics
- Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
- Bribery in Sporting Contests Act of 1979
- Curt Flood Act of 1998
- Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, and Amateur Athletes Act of 2020
- Equal Pay Act of 1963
- Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act
- Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
- Horseracing Integrity and Safety Act of 2020
- National Labor Relations Act
- Olympic and Amateur Sports Act Amendments of 1998
- Protecting Young Victims from Sexual Abuse and Safe Sport Authorization Act of 2017
- Sherman Act
- Sports Agent Responsibility and Trust Act
- Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961
- Sports Medicine Licensure Clarity Act of 2017
- Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports
- Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
Department of Education Documents Related to Athletics
- A Policy Interpretation: Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics (1979)
- Protecting Students - Athletics
- Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Guidance: The Three-Part Test (1996)
- Further Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Guidance Regarding Title IX Compliance (2003)
- COVID-19 Information and Resources for Schools, Students, and Families (2020)
- Dear Colleague Letter: Athletic Activities Counted for Title IX Compliance (2008)
- Dear Colleague Letter: Bowling Green State University (1998)
- Dear Colleague Letter: Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Clarification: Three-Part Test ― Part Three (2010)
- Questions and Answers about Dear Colleague Letter – Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Clarification: The Three-Part Test – Part Three (2010)
- Dear Colleague Letter: Transgender Students (2016) (Withdrawn in 2017)
- Dear Colleague Letter: Withdrawing Title IX Guidance on Transgender Students (2017)
- Enforcement Guidance on Sex Discrimination in the Compensation of Sports Coaches in Educational Institutions (1997)
- Equal Opportunity in Intercollegiate Athletics
- Equity Assistance Centers
- Equity in Athletics Data Analysis Cutting Tool
- Policy Interpretations of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (1978)
- Proposed Rule: Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Receiving Federal Financial Assistance: Sex-Related Eligibility Criteria for Male and Female Athletic Teams (April 6, 2023)
- Questions and Answers on the Title IX Regulations on Sexual Harassment (July 2021)
- Racial Incidents and Harassment Against Students at Educational Institutions; Investigative Guidance (1994)
- Report to the President and Secretary of Education (2015)
- Revised Sexual Harassment Guidance: Harassment Of Students By School Employees, Other Students, Or Third Parties (2001)
- Secretary's Commission on Opportunity in Athletics (2003) (Commission office closed as of March 15, 2003)
- Sexual Harassment Guidance: Harassment of Students By School Employees, Other Students, Or Third Parties (1997)
- Title IX Enforcement Highlights (2012)
- Title IX Regulations
- Title IX Resource Guide (2015)
- Enforcement of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 in Light of Bostock v. Clayton County (2021)
GAO Reports Related to Athletics
- Athletic Department Profiles (1993)
- Concussion in High School Sports: Overall Estimate of Occurrence Is Not Available, but Key State Laws and Nationwide Guidelines Address Injury Management (2010)
- COVID-19: Continued Attention Needed to Enhance Federal Preparedness, Response, Service Delivery, and Program Integrity (2021)
- COVID-19: CARES Act Oversight Reports
- Gender Equity: Men's and Women's Participation in Higher Education (2000)
- Higher Education: Approaches and Strategies Used in College Campus Surveys on Sexual Violence (2020)
- High School Sports: Many Schools Encouraged Equal Opportunities, but Education Could Further Help Athletics Administrators under Title IX (2018)
- Intercollegiate Athletics: Four-Year Colleges' Experiences Adding and Discontinuing Teams (2001)
- Intercollegiate Athletics: Recent Trends in Teams and Participants in National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports (2007)
- Interscholastic Athletics: School Districts Provide Some Assistance to Uninsured Student Athletes (2000)
- Intercollegiate Athletics: Status of Efforts to Promote Gender Equity (1996)
- Intercollegiate Athletics: Trends by Sport in National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports (2007)
- K-12 Education: High School Sports Access and Participation (2017)
- Sports Programs’ Guidance, Practices, and Policies to Help Prevent and Respond to Sexual Abuse (2015)
- Student Aid: Financial Assistance to Scholarship Athletes (1987)
- Student Athletes: Information on Their Academic Performance (1989)
- Student Athletes: Most Schools Meet Proposed Academic Performance Reporting Requirements (1989)
- U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) Reports & Testimonies
- Intercollegiate Athletics: Comparison of Selected Characteristics for Men’s and Women’s Programs (1999)
- Intercollegiate Athletics: Revenues and Expenses, Gender and Minority Profiles, and Compensation in Athletic Departments (1992)
Memorandum Related to Athletics
- Statutory Rights of Players at Academic Institutions Under the National Labor Relations Act
- NLRB General Counsel’s Report on the Statutory Rights of University Faculty and Students in the Unfair Labor Practice Context (Withdrawn on 12/1/2017)
- NLRB General Counsel MEMORANDUM GC 21-08, Statutory Rights of Players at Academic Institutions (Student-Athletes)1 Under the National Labor Relations Act (September 29, 2021)
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